Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中華人民共和國(guó)民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第三次會(huì)議通過）
Book Two Real Rights
第二編??物權(quán)
Part One General Provisions
第一分編??通則
Chapter I General Rules
第一章??一般規(guī)定
Article 205 This Book regulates the civil-law relations arising from the attribution and utilization of things.
第二百零五條??本編調(diào)整因物的歸屬和利用產(chǎn)生的民事關(guān)系。
Article 206 The State upholds and improves the fundamental socialist economic systems, such as the ownership system under which diverse forms of ownership co-develop with public ownership as the mainstay, the distribution system under which multiple forms of distribution co-exist with distribution according to work as the mainstay, as well as the system of socialist market economy.
第二百零六條??國(guó)家堅(jiān)持和完善公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)共同發(fā)展，按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制等社會(huì)主義基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度。
The State consolidates and develops the public sector of the economy, and encourages, supports, and guides the development of the non-public sector of the economy.
國(guó)家鞏固和發(fā)展公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)，鼓勵(lì)、支持和引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
The State implements a socialist market economy and protects the equal legal status and development rights of all market participants.
國(guó)家實(shí)行社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，保障一切市場(chǎng)主體的平等法律地位和發(fā)展權(quán)利。
Article 207 The real rights of the State, collectives, private individuals, and the other right holders are equally protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第二百零七條??國(guó)家、集體、私人的物權(quán)和其他權(quán)利人的物權(quán)受法律平等保護(hù)，任何組織或者個(gè)人不得侵犯。
Article 208 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of the real rights in immovable property shall be registered in accordance with law. The creation and alienation of real rights in movable property shall be subject to the delivery of the movable property in accordance with law.
第二百零八條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓和消滅，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法律規(guī)定登記。動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的設(shè)立和轉(zhuǎn)讓，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法律規(guī)定交付。
Chapter II Creation, Alteration, Alienation, and Extinguishment of Real Rights
第二章??物權(quán)的設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓和消滅
Section 1 Registration of Immovable property
第一節(jié)??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記
Article 209 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of a real right in immovable property shall become effective upon registration in accordance with law, and shall not take effect without registration, unless otherwise provided by law.
第二百零九條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓和消滅，經(jīng)依法登記，發(fā)生效力；未經(jīng)登記，不發(fā)生效力，但是法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
Ownership registration is not required for natural resources that are owned by the State in accordance with law.
依法屬于國(guó)家所有的自然資源，所有權(quán)可以不登記。
Article 210 The registration of immovable property shall be handled by the registration authority at the place where the immovable property is located.
第二百一十條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記，由不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地的登記機(jī)構(gòu)辦理。
The State implements a unified registration system with respect to immovable property. The scope, authorities, and measures for the unified registration shall be specified by laws and administrative regulations.
國(guó)家對(duì)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)實(shí)行統(tǒng)一登記制度。統(tǒng)一登記的范圍、登記機(jī)構(gòu)和登記辦法，由法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定。
Article 211 When applying for registration of immoveable property, an applicant shall, in light of the different items to be registered, provide necessary materials such as the proof of real rights, metes and bounds, and area of the immovable property.
第二百一十一條??當(dāng)事人申請(qǐng)登記，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)不同登記事項(xiàng)提供權(quán)屬證明和不動(dòng)產(chǎn)界址、面積等必要材料。
Article 212 The registration authority shall perform the following responsibilities:
第二百一十二條??登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)履行下列職責(zé)：
(1) to examine the proof of real rights and other necessary materials provided by the applicant;
（一）查驗(yàn)申請(qǐng)人提供的權(quán)屬證明和其他必要材料；
(2) to inquire the relevant registration items of the applicant;
（二）就有關(guān)登記事項(xiàng)詢問申請(qǐng)人；
(3) to register the relevant items truthfully and in a timely manner; and
（三）如實(shí)、及時(shí)登記有關(guān)事項(xiàng)；
(4) to perform other responsibilities as provided by laws and administrative regulations.
（四）法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定的其他職責(zé)。
Where further proof is required for the relevant information of the immovable property to be registered, the registration authority may require the applicant to provide supplementary materials, and may conduct onsite inspection where necessary.
申請(qǐng)登記的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的有關(guān)情況需要進(jìn)一步證明的，登記機(jī)構(gòu)可以要求申請(qǐng)人補(bǔ)充材料，必要時(shí)可以實(shí)地查看。
Article 213 A registration authority may not engage in the following acts:
第二百一十三條??登記機(jī)構(gòu)不得有下列行為：
(1) to require an appraisal of the immovable property;
（一）要求對(duì)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估；
(2) to carry out repeated registration in the name of annual inspection, and the like; or
（二）以年檢等名義進(jìn)行重復(fù)登記；
(3) to engage in other acts that exceed the scope of its responsibilities for registration.
（三）超出登記職責(zé)范圍的其他行為。
Article 214 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of a real right of the immovable property that is required by law to be registered becomes effective at the time when it is recorded in the register of immovable property.
第二百一十四條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓和消滅，依照法律規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)怯浀模杂涊d于不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿時(shí)發(fā)生效力。
Article 215 A contract concluded by the parties on the creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of a real right becomes effective upon its formation, unless it is otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by the parties, and the validity of the contract is not affected by the fact that the real right is not registered.
第二百一十五條??當(dāng)事人之間訂立有關(guān)設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓和消滅不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的合同，除法律另有規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人另有約定外，自合同成立時(shí)生效；未辦理物權(quán)登記的，不影響合同效力。
Article 216 The register of immovable property is the basis for determining the attribution and contents of the real rights in immovable property.
第二百一十六條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿是物權(quán)歸屬和內(nèi)容的根據(jù)。
The register of immovable property shall be kept by the registration authority.
不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿由登記機(jī)構(gòu)管理。
Article 217 The real right certificate for immovable property is a proof of a right holder’s entitlement to the real right in the immovable property. The items recorded in the real right certificate for immovable property shall be consistent with what are recorded in the register of immovable property; in case of inconsistency between the two, what is recorded in the register of immovable property shall prevail, unless there is evidence establishing a clear error in the register of immovable property.
第二百一十七條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)屬證書是權(quán)利人享有該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的證明。不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)屬證書記載的事項(xiàng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)與不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿一致；記載不一致的，除有證據(jù)證明不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿確有錯(cuò)誤外，以不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿為準(zhǔn)。
Article 218 A right holder or an interested person may apply for retrieving and making copies of the information of the registered immovable property, and the registration authority shall provide the information.
第二百一十八條??權(quán)利人、利害關(guān)系人可以申請(qǐng)查詢、復(fù)制不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記資料，登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)提供。
Article 219 An interested person may not disclose or illegally use the registered information of a right holder’s immovable property.
第二百一十九條??利害關(guān)系人不得公開、非法使用權(quán)利人的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記資料。
Article 220 A right holder or an interested person may apply for rectification of the registration if he believes that an item is incorrectly recorded in the register of immovable property. Where the right holder as recorded in the register of immovable property agrees in writing to make rectification, or where there is evidence establishing a clear error in the register, the registration authority shall rectify it.
第二百二十條??權(quán)利人、利害關(guān)系人認(rèn)為不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿記載的事項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤的，可以申請(qǐng)更正登記。不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿記載的權(quán)利人書面同意更正或者有證據(jù)證明登記確有錯(cuò)誤的，登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)予以更正。
Where the right holder as recorded in the register of immovable property does not agree to make rectification, an interested person may apply for registration of a demurrer. Where the registration authority registers the demurrer but the applicant fails to file a lawsuit within 15 days from the date of such a registration, the registration of demurrer becomes ineffective. Where a demurrer is improperly registered and damage is thus caused to the right holder, the right holder may request the applicant to pay damages.
不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記簿記載的權(quán)利人不同意更正的，利害關(guān)系人可以申請(qǐng)異議登記。登記機(jī)構(gòu)予以異議登記，申請(qǐng)人自異議登記之日起十五日內(nèi)不提起訴訟的，異議登記失效。異議登記不當(dāng)，造成權(quán)利人損害的，權(quán)利人可以向申請(qǐng)人請(qǐng)求損害賠償。
Article 221 Where the parties enter into an agreement for the sale of a house or on any other real right in immovable property, they may apply for registration of a priority notice to a registration authority in accordance with the agreement so as to ensure the realization of the real right in the future. Where, after the priority notice is registered, the immovable property is disposed of without the consent of the right holder as registered in the priority notice, the disposition is not effective in terms of the real right.
第二百二十一條??當(dāng)事人簽訂買賣房屋的協(xié)議或者簽訂其他不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的協(xié)議，為保障將來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)物權(quán)，按照約定可以向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)預(yù)告登記。預(yù)告登記后，未經(jīng)預(yù)告登記的權(quán)利人同意，處分該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，不發(fā)生物權(quán)效力。
Where, after the priority notice is registered, no application for registration of the real right of immovable property has been made within 90 days from the date on which the creditor’s claim extinguishes or the immovable property is eligible for registration, the registration of the priority notice becomes ineffective.
預(yù)告登記后，債權(quán)消滅或者自能夠進(jìn)行不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記之日起九十日內(nèi)未申請(qǐng)登記的，預(yù)告登記失效。
Article 222 A party who provides false materials upon application for registration and thus causes damage to another person shall be liable for compensation.
第二百二十二條??當(dāng)事人提供虛假材料申請(qǐng)登記，造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Where damage is caused to another person due to a clerical error upon registration, the registration authority shall be liable for compensation. After having made such compensation, the registration authority has the right to indemnification against the person who has made the error.
因登記錯(cuò)誤，造成他人損害的，登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。登記機(jī)構(gòu)賠償后，可以向造成登記錯(cuò)誤的人追償。
Article 223 The fee for the registration of immovable property shall be collected on a piece-by-piece basis and may not be collected in proportion to the area, size, or purchase price of the immovable property.
第二百二十三條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記費(fèi)按件收取，不得按照不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的面積、體積或者價(jià)款的比例收取。
Section 2 Delivery of Movable Property
第二節(jié)??動(dòng)產(chǎn)交付
Article 224 The creation or alienation of a real right in movable property shall take effect upon delivery, unless otherwise provided by law.
第二百二十四條??動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)的設(shè)立和轉(zhuǎn)讓，自交付時(shí)發(fā)生效力，但是法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
Article 225 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of the real rights in vessels, aircrafts, motor vehicles, and the like, that have not been registered is not effective against a bona fide third person.
第二百二十五條??船舶、航空器和機(jī)動(dòng)車等的物權(quán)的設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓和消滅，未經(jīng)登記，不得對(duì)抗善意第三人。
Article 226 Where a right holder is already in possession of a movable property before a real right in the movable property is created or alienated, the real right in the movable property becomes effective at the time when the civil juristic act is effected.
第二百二十六條??動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)設(shè)立和轉(zhuǎn)讓前，權(quán)利人已經(jīng)占有該動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，物權(quán)自民事法律行為生效時(shí)發(fā)生效力。
Article 227 Where a third person is in possession of a movable property before a real right in the movable property is created or alienated, the person obligated to deliver the movable property may transfer his right to restitution against the third person as substitute for delivery.
第二百二十七條??動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)設(shè)立和轉(zhuǎn)讓前，第三人占有該動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，負(fù)有交付義務(wù)的人可以通過轉(zhuǎn)讓請(qǐng)求第三人返還原物的權(quán)利代替交付。
Article 228 Where, upon alienation of a real right in movable property, the parties agree that the transferor continues to be in possession of the movable property, the real right in the movable property becomes effective at the time when such an agreement enters into effect.
第二百二十八條??動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓時(shí)，當(dāng)事人又約定由出讓人繼續(xù)占有該動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，物權(quán)自該約定生效時(shí)發(fā)生效力。
Section 3 Other Rules
第三節(jié)??其他規(guī)定
Article 229 Where a real right is created, altered, alienated, or extinguished as a result of a legal document issued by the people’s court or an arbitration institution, or based on an expropriation decision made by the people’s government, the creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of the real right becomes effective at the time when the legal document or expropriation decision enters into effect.
第二百二十九條??因人民法院、仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)的法律文書或者人民政府的征收決定等，導(dǎo)致物權(quán)設(shè)立、變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓或者消滅的，自法律文書或者征收決定等生效時(shí)發(fā)生效力。
Article 230 Where a real right is acquired through succession, the real right as inherited becomes effective at the time when the succession opens.
第二百三十條??因繼承取得物權(quán)的，自繼承開始時(shí)發(fā)生效力。
Article 231 Where a real right is created or extinguished as a result of a de facto act such as lawful construction or demolition of a house, the creation or extinguishment of the real right becomes effective when the de facto act is accomplished.
第二百三十一條??因合法建造、拆除房屋等事實(shí)行為設(shè)立或者消滅物權(quán)的，自事實(shí)行為成就時(shí)發(fā)生效力。
Article 232 Where disposition of a real right in immovable property as provided in this Section is required by law to be registered, the disposition of the real right, if not so registered, is not effective.
第二百三十二條??處分依照本節(jié)規(guī)定享有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)，依照法律規(guī)定需要辦理登記的，未經(jīng)登記，不發(fā)生物權(quán)效力。
Chapter III Protection of Real Rights
第三章??物權(quán)的保護(hù)
Article 233 Where a real right is infringed upon, the right holder may have the problem solved by means of settlement, mediation, arbitration, litigation, and the like.
第二百三十三條??物權(quán)受到侵害的，權(quán)利人可以通過和解、調(diào)解、仲裁、訴訟等途徑解決。
Article 234 Where a dispute arises over the attribution or contents of a real right, an interested person may request for confirmation of the right.
第二百三十四條??因物權(quán)的歸屬、內(nèi)容發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議的，利害關(guān)系人可以請(qǐng)求確認(rèn)權(quán)利。
Article 235 Where an immovable or movable property is possessed by a person not entitled to do so, the right holder may request for restitution.
第二百三十五條??無(wú)權(quán)占有不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，權(quán)利人可以請(qǐng)求返還原物。
Article 236 Where there is a nuisance or a potential nuisance against a real right, the right holder may request for removal of the nuisance or elimination of the danger.
第二百三十六條??妨害物權(quán)或者可能妨害物權(quán)的，權(quán)利人可以請(qǐng)求排除妨害或者消除危險(xiǎn)。
Article 237 Where an immovable or movable property is destructed or damaged, the right holder may request for the repair, redoing, replacement, or restoration to the original condition in accordance with law.
第二百三十七條??造成不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)毀損的，權(quán)利人可以依法請(qǐng)求修理、重作、更換或者恢復(fù)原狀。
Article 238 Where a real right is infringed upon and damage is thus caused, the right holder may, in accordance with law, request the infringing person to pay damages or bear other civil liabilities.
第二百三十八條??侵害物權(quán)，造成權(quán)利人損害的，權(quán)利人可以依法請(qǐng)求損害賠償，也可以依法請(qǐng)求承擔(dān)其他民事責(zé)任。
Article 239 The forms of real right protection provided in this Chapter may be applied either separately or concurrently according to the circumstances of the infringement of a right.
第二百三十九條??本章規(guī)定的物權(quán)保護(hù)方式，可以單獨(dú)適用，也可以根據(jù)權(quán)利被侵害的情形合并適用。
Part Two Ownership
第二分編??所有權(quán)
Chapter IV General Rules
第四章??一般規(guī)定
Article 240 An owner is entitled to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of his own immovable or movable property in accordance with law.
第二百四十條??所有權(quán)人對(duì)自己的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)，依法享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。
Article 241 An owner of immovable or movable property is entitled to create a right to usufruct and a security interest on his own immovable or movable property. A usufructuary or security interest holder, when exercising their rights, shall not harm the rights and interests of the owner.
第二百四十一條??所有權(quán)人有權(quán)在自己的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)上設(shè)立用益物權(quán)和擔(dān)保物權(quán)。用益物權(quán)人、擔(dān)保物權(quán)人行使權(quán)利，不得損害所有權(quán)人的權(quán)益。
Article 242 Where an immovable or movable property is provided by law to be exclusively owned by the State, no organization or individual may acquire ownership of it.
第二百四十二條??法律規(guī)定專屬于國(guó)家所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)，任何組織或者個(gè)人不能取得所有權(quán)。
Article 243 For the need of the public interest, the collectively-owned land and the houses and other immovable property of an organization or individual may be expropriated within the scope of authority and pursuant to the procedures provided by law.
第二百四十三條??為了公共利益的需要，依照法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限和程序可以征收集體所有的土地和組織、個(gè)人的房屋以及其他不動(dòng)產(chǎn)。
In the case of expropriation of collectively-owned land, land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies, and compensation fees for rural villagers’ dwellings and other ground attachments as well as young crops shall be paid in full in a timely manner in accordance with law, and social security premiums of the farmers whose land has been expropriated shall be arranged, their lives secured, and their lawful rights and interests safeguarded.
征收集體所有的土地，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法及時(shí)足額支付土地補(bǔ)償費(fèi)、安置補(bǔ)助費(fèi)以及農(nóng)村村民住宅、其他地上附著物和青苗等的補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用，并安排被征地農(nóng)民的社會(huì)保障費(fèi)用，保障被征地農(nóng)民的生活，維護(hù)被征地農(nóng)民的合法權(quán)益。
In the case of expropriation of houses or other immovable property of organizations or individuals, compensation for the expropriation shall be made in accordance with law in order to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the person whose immovable property has been expropriated. In the case of expropriation of individuals’ dwelling houses, the housing conditions of such individuals shall also be guaranteed.
征收組織、個(gè)人的房屋以及其他不動(dòng)產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法給予征收補(bǔ)償，維護(hù)被征收人的合法權(quán)益；征收個(gè)人住宅的，還應(yīng)當(dāng)保障被征收人的居住條件。
No organization or individual may embezzle, misappropriate, secretly distribute, intercept, default on the payment of the expropriation compensation fees, or the like.
任何組織或者個(gè)人不得貪污、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收補(bǔ)償費(fèi)等費(fèi)用。
Article 244 The State provides special protection to cultivated land, strictly restricts the conversion of agricultural land into land used for construction purposes, and controls the overall volume of the land used for construction purposes. Collectively-owned land may not be expropriated exceeding the scope of authority or in violation of the procedures provided by law.
第二百四十四條??國(guó)家對(duì)耕地實(shí)行特殊保護(hù)，嚴(yán)格限制農(nóng)用地轉(zhuǎn)為建設(shè)用地，控制建設(shè)用地總量。不得違反法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限和程序征收集體所有的土地。
Article 245 An immovable or movable property of an organization or individual may, in response to an emergency such as providing disaster relief and preventing and controlling pandemics, be requisitioned within the scope of authority and pursuant to the procedures provided by law. The requisitioned immovable or movable property shall be returned to the aforementioned organization or individual after use. Where the immovable or movable property of an organization or individual is requisitioned, or where it is destructed, damaged, or lost after being requisitioned, compensation shall be made.
第二百四十五條??因搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)、疫情防控等緊急需要，依照法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限和程序可以征用組織、個(gè)人的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)。被征用的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)使用后，應(yīng)當(dāng)返還被征用人。組織、個(gè)人的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)被征用或者征用后毀損、滅失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)給予補(bǔ)償。
Chapter V State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership
第五章??國(guó)家所有權(quán)和集體所有權(quán)、私人所有權(quán)
Article 246 Where a property is provided by law to be owned by the State, the property belongs to the State, namely, to the whole people.
第二百四十六條??法律規(guī)定屬于國(guó)家所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，屬于國(guó)家所有即全民所有。
The ownership rights over the State-owned property shall be exercised by the State Council on behalf of the State, unless otherwise provided by law.
國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)由國(guó)務(wù)院代表國(guó)家行使所有權(quán)。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 247 Mineral deposits, waters, and sea areas are owned by the State.
第二百四十七條??礦藏、水流、海域?qū)儆趪?guó)家所有。
Article 248 Uninhabited islands are owned by the State, and the State Council exercises the ownership rights over the uninhabited islands on behalf of the State.
第二百四十八條??無(wú)居民海島屬于國(guó)家所有，國(guó)務(wù)院代表國(guó)家行使無(wú)居民海島所有權(quán)。
Article 249 Urban land is owned by the State. Land in rural and urban suburbs that is provided by law to be owned by the State is owned by the State.
第二百四十九條??城市的土地，屬于國(guó)家所有。法律規(guī)定屬于國(guó)家所有的農(nóng)村和城市郊區(qū)的土地，屬于國(guó)家所有。
Article 250 Natural resources, such as forests, mountain ridges, grasslands, unreclaimed lands, and mudflats, other than those provided by law to be collectively-owned, are owned by the State．
第二百五十條??森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂等自然資源，屬于國(guó)家所有，但是法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的除外。
Article 251 The wild animal and plant resources that are provided by law to be owned by the State are owned by the State.
第二百五十一條??法律規(guī)定屬于國(guó)家所有的野生動(dòng)植物資源，屬于國(guó)家所有。
Article 252 Radio-frequency spectrum resources are owned by the State.
第二百五十二條??無(wú)線電頻譜資源屬于國(guó)家所有。
Article 253 The cultural relics that are provided by law to be owned by the State are owned by the State.
第二百五十三條??法律規(guī)定屬于國(guó)家所有的文物，屬于國(guó)家所有。
Article 254 The assets for national defense are owned by the State.
第二百五十四條??國(guó)防資產(chǎn)屬于國(guó)家所有。
Infrastructures such as railways, roads, electric power facilities, telecommunication facilities, as well as oil and gas pipelines that are provided by law to be owned by the State are owned by the State.
鐵路、公路、電力設(shè)施、電信設(shè)施和油氣管道等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，依照法律規(guī)定為國(guó)家所有的，屬于國(guó)家所有。
Article 255 A State organ has the right to possess and use the immovable and movable property directly under its control and to dispose of such property in accordance with law and the relevant regulations made by the State Council.
第二百五十五條??國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)其直接支配的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和國(guó)務(wù)院的有關(guān)規(guī)定處分的權(quán)利。
Article 256 A public institution established by the State has the right to possess and use the immovable and movable property directly under its control, and to benefit from and dispose of such property in accordance with law and the relevant regulations made by the State Council.
第二百五十六條??國(guó)家舉辦的事業(yè)單位對(duì)其直接支配的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和國(guó)務(wù)院的有關(guān)規(guī)定收益、處分的權(quán)利。
Article 257 With respect to enterprises invested by the State, the State Council and the local people’s governments shall, on behalf of the State, perform the investor’s duties and enjoy the investor’s rights and interests respectively in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.
第二百五十七條??國(guó)家出資的企業(yè)，由國(guó)務(wù)院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定分別代表國(guó)家履行出資人職責(zé)，享有出資人權(quán)益。
Article 258 The State-owned property is protected by law, and no organization or individual may misappropriate, loot, secretly distribute, intercept, or destroy such property.
第二百五十八條??國(guó)家所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)受法律保護(hù)，禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人侵占、哄搶、私分、截留、破壞。
Article 259 Institutions and their staff with the duties of administration and supervision over the State-owned property shall strengthen the administration and supervision of the State-owned property in accordance with law, strive to preserve and increase the value of such property and prevent any loss thereof; they shall assume legal liabilities in accordance with law if losses are caused to the State-owned property as a result of their abuse of powers or dereliction of duties.
第二百五十九條??履行國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)管理、監(jiān)督職責(zé)的機(jī)構(gòu)及其工作人員，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法加強(qiáng)對(duì)國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)的管理、監(jiān)督，促進(jìn)國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)保值增值，防止國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)損失；濫用職權(quán)，玩忽職守，造成國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。
A person, who causes losses to the State-owned property by transferring it at low prices, secretly distributing it in conspiracy with other persons, creating a security interest on it without authorization, or by other means in the course of enterprise restructuring, merger or division, affiliated transactions, and the like, in violation of the provisions on the administration of the State-owned property, shall bear legal liability in accordance with law.
違反國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)管理規(guī)定，在企業(yè)改制、合并分立、關(guān)聯(lián)交易等過程中，低價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)讓、合謀私分、擅自擔(dān)?；蛘咭云渌绞皆斐蓢?guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。
Article 260 The collectively-owned immovable and movable property include:
第二百六十條??集體所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)包括：
(1) the land, forests, mountain ridges, grasslands, unreclaimed land and mudflats that are provided by law to be owned by collectives;
（一）法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂；
(2) the buildings, production facilities, and farmland water conservancy facilities that are owned by collectives;
（二）集體所有的建筑物、生產(chǎn)設(shè)施、農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施；
(3) the educational, scientific, cultural, public health, sports, and other facilities that are owned by collectives; and
（三）集體所有的教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育等設(shè)施；
(4) any other immovable and movable property that are owned by collectives.
（四）集體所有的其他不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)。
The immovable and movable property of a farmer collective are collectively owned by the members of this collective.
第二百六十一條??農(nóng)民集體所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)，屬于本集體成員集體所有。
The following matters shall be decided by the collective’s members in accordance with statutory procedures:
下列事項(xiàng)應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法定程序經(jīng)本集體成員決定：
(1) land contracting schemes, and the subcontracting of land to any organization or individual outside this collective;
（一）土地承包方案以及將土地發(fā)包給本集體以外的組織或者個(gè)人承包；
(2) adjustment to the contracted land among the persons who have the right to contractual management of land;
（二）個(gè)別土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人之間承包地的調(diào)整；
(3) methods for the use and distribution of funds such as land compensation fees;
（三）土地補(bǔ)償費(fèi)等費(fèi)用的使用、分配辦法；
(4) matters such as changes in the ownership of enterprises invested by the collective; and
（四）集體出資的企業(yè)的所有權(quán)變動(dòng)等事項(xiàng)；
(5) other matters as provided by law.
（五）法律規(guī)定的其他事項(xiàng)。
Article 262 With respect to the collectively-owned land, forests, mountain ridges, grasslands, unreclaimed land, mudflats, and the like, the ownership thereof shall be exercised in accordance with the following provisions:
第二百六十二條??對(duì)于集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂等，依照下列規(guī)定行使所有權(quán)：
(1) where they are owned by the farmer collective of a village, the ownership shall be exercised collectively by the collective economic organization of the village or the villagers’ committee on behalf of the collective in accordance with law;
（一）屬于村農(nóng)民集體所有的，由村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或者村民委員會(huì)依法代表集體行使所有權(quán)；
(2) where they are owned by two or more farmer collectives within a village, the ownership shall be exercised by the respective collective economic organizations or the villagers’ groups on behalf of the collectives in accordance with law; and
（二）分別屬于村內(nèi)兩個(gè)以上農(nóng)民集體所有的，由村內(nèi)各該集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或者村民小組依法代表集體行使所有權(quán)；
(3) where they are owned collectively by the farmer collective of a rural-town, the ownership shall be exercised by the economic organizations of the town on behalf of the collective.
（三）屬于鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)民集體所有的，由鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織代表集體行使所有權(quán)。
Article 263 With respect to the immovable and movable property owned by an urban-town collective, the collective is entitled to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of such property in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.
第二百六十三條??城鎮(zhèn)集體所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)，依照法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定由本集體享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。
Article 264 Rural collective economic organizations, villagers’ committees, and villagers’ groups shall make the situation of the collectively-owned property known to the members of this collective in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and their articles of association, as well as the local covenants. Members of the collective have the right to retrieve and make copies of the relevant materials.
第二百六十四條??農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或者村民委員會(huì)、村民小組應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法律、行政法規(guī)以及章程、村規(guī)民約向本集體成員公布集體財(cái)產(chǎn)的狀況。集體成員有權(quán)查閱、復(fù)制相關(guān)資料。
Article 265 The property owned by a collective is protected by law, and no organization or individual may misappropriate, loot, secretly distribute, or destruct such property.
第二百六十五條??集體所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)受法律保護(hù)，禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人侵占、哄搶、私分、破壞。
Where a decision made by a rural collective economic organization, a villagers’ committee, or the person in charge thereof infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a member of the collective, the infringed member may request the people’s court to revoke the decision.
農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織、村民委員會(huì)或者其負(fù)責(zé)人作出的決定侵害集體成員合法權(quán)益的，受侵害的集體成員可以請(qǐng)求人民法院予以撤銷。
Article 266 A private individual has the right to own his lawful income, houses, articles for daily use, production tools, raw materials, as well as other immovable and movable property.
第二百六十六條??私人對(duì)其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生產(chǎn)工具、原材料等不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)享有所有權(quán)。
Article 267 The property lawfully owned by a private individual is protected by law, and no organization or individual may misappropriate, loot, or destruct such property.
第二百六十七條??私人的合法財(cái)產(chǎn)受法律保護(hù)，禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人侵占、哄搶、破壞。
Article 268 The State, collectives, and private individuals may establish companies with limited liabilities, joint stock companies limited by shares, or other enterprises through making capital contributions in accordance with law. Where the immovable or movable property of the State, collectives, and private individuals are invested in an enterprise, the investors are, in accordance with their agreement or in proportion to their investment, entitled to receive returns on the assets, make major decisions, and select business managers, and obligated to perform their duties.
第二百六十八條??國(guó)家、集體和私人依法可以出資設(shè)立有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企業(yè)。國(guó)家、集體和私人所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)投到企業(yè)的，由出資人按照約定或者出資比例享有資產(chǎn)收益、重大決策以及選擇經(jīng)營(yíng)管理者等權(quán)利并履行義務(wù)。
Article 269 A for-profit legal person has the right to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of its immovable and movable property in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and its articles of association.
第二百六十九條??營(yíng)利法人對(duì)其不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)依照法律、行政法規(guī)以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。
The provisions of the relevant laws, administrative regulations, and articles of association shall apply to the rights of a legal person other than a for-profit legal person with respect to its immovable and movable property.
營(yíng)利法人以外的法人，對(duì)其不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)的權(quán)利，適用有關(guān)法律、行政法規(guī)以及章程的規(guī)定。
Article 270 The immovable and movable property that is lawfully owned by a social-organization legal person or an endowed legal person is protected by law.
第二百七十條??社會(huì)團(tuán)體法人、捐助法人依法所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)，受法律保護(hù)。
Chapter VI Ownership of a Building’s Units
第六章??業(yè)主的建筑物區(qū)分所有權(quán)
Article 271 A unit owner has the ownership over an exclusive unit of a building, such as a dwelling space or a space used for operating businesses, and has the right to co-own and jointly manage the common space other than the unit.
第二百七十一條??業(yè)主對(duì)建筑物內(nèi)的住宅、經(jīng)營(yíng)性用房等專有部分享有所有權(quán)，對(duì)專有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的權(quán)利。
Article 272 A unit owner has the right to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of his exclusive unit of a building. The unit owner may not, when exercising his rights, endanger the safety of the building or impair the lawful rights and interests of other unit owners.
第二百七十二條??業(yè)主對(duì)其建筑物專有部分享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。業(yè)主行使權(quán)利不得危及建筑物的安全，不得損害其他業(yè)主的合法權(quán)益。
Article 273 A unit owner has rights and assumes duties with respect to the common space outside his exclusive unit of a building，and may not refuse to perform such duties on the ground that he has waived such rights.
第二百七十三條??業(yè)主對(duì)建筑物專有部分以外的共有部分，享有權(quán)利，承擔(dān)義務(wù)；不得以放棄權(quán)利為由不履行義務(wù)。
While a unit owner transfers a dwelling space or the space used for business operations owned by him in a building, his rights to co-own and jointly manage the common space therein shall be transferred concomitantly.
業(yè)主轉(zhuǎn)讓建筑物內(nèi)的住宅、經(jīng)營(yíng)性用房，其對(duì)共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的權(quán)利一并轉(zhuǎn)讓。
Article 274 Roads within the construction zone are co-owned by all unit owners, except for those that are part of the urban public roads. Green spaces within the construction zone are co-owned by all unit owners, except for those that are part of the urban public green spaces and those expressly indicated to be owned by private individuals. Other public places, public facilities, and spaces used for property management service within the construction zone are co-owned by all unit owners.
第二百七十四條??建筑區(qū)劃內(nèi)的道路，屬于業(yè)主共有，但是屬于城鎮(zhèn)公共道路的除外。建筑區(qū)劃內(nèi)的綠地，屬于業(yè)主共有，但是屬于城鎮(zhèn)公共綠地或者明示屬于個(gè)人的除外。建筑區(qū)劃內(nèi)的其他公共場(chǎng)所、公用設(shè)施和物業(yè)服務(wù)用房，屬于業(yè)主共有。
Article 275 The ownership of the parking spaces and garages planned for parking vehicles within the construction zone shall be agreed upon by the parties by way of selling, giving away as gifts, leasing, and the like.
第二百七十五條??建筑區(qū)劃內(nèi)，規(guī)劃用于停放汽車的車位、車庫(kù)的歸屬，由當(dāng)事人通過出售、附贈(zèng)或者出租等方式約定。
The parking spaces for parking vehicles that occupy the roads or other spaces co-owned by all unit owners are co-owned by all unit owners.
占用業(yè)主共有的道路或者其他場(chǎng)地用于停放汽車的車位，屬于業(yè)主共有。
Article 276 The parking spaces and garages planned for parking vehicles within the construction zone shall first meet the needs of the unit owners.
第二百七十六條??建筑區(qū)劃內(nèi)，規(guī)劃用于停放汽車的車位、車庫(kù)應(yīng)當(dāng)首先滿足業(yè)主的需要。
Article 277 The unit owners may establish the owners’ assembly and elect the members of the owners’ committee. The specific conditions of and procedures for the establishment of the owners’ assembly and the owners’ committee shall be in accordance with laws and regulations.
第二百七十七條??業(yè)主可以設(shè)立業(yè)主大會(huì)，選舉業(yè)主委員會(huì)。業(yè)主大會(huì)、業(yè)主委員會(huì)成立的具體條件和程序，依照法律、法規(guī)的規(guī)定。
The relevant department of the local people’s government and the residents’ committee shall provide guidance to and assistance in the establishment of the owners’ assembly and the election of the members of the owners’ committee.
地方人民政府有關(guān)部門、居民委員會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)設(shè)立業(yè)主大會(huì)和選舉業(yè)主委員會(huì)給予指導(dǎo)和協(xié)助。
Article 278 The following matters shall be jointly decided by the unit owners:
第二百七十八條??下列事項(xiàng)由業(yè)主共同決定：
(1) to formulate and amend the procedural rules of the owners’ assembly;
（一）制定和修改業(yè)主大會(huì)議事規(guī)則；
(2) to formulate and amend the stipulations on management;
（二）制定和修改管理規(guī)約；
(3) to elect or replace members of the owners’ committee;
（三）選舉業(yè)主委員會(huì)或者更換業(yè)主委員會(huì)成員；
(4) to employ and remove the property management service enterprise or other managers;
（四）選聘和解聘物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人；
(5) to use maintenance funds for buildings and auxiliary facilities thereof;
（五）使用建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的維修資金；
(6) to raise maintenance funds for buildings and auxiliary facilities thereof;
（六）籌集建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的維修資金；
(7) to renovate and reconstruct buildings and auxiliary facilities thereof;
（七）改建、重建建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施；
(8) to change the intended use of the co-owned space or making use of the co-owned space to engage in business activities; and
（八）改變共有部分的用途或者利用共有部分從事經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)；
(9) to handle other major matters relating to co-ownership and the right to joint management.
（九）有關(guān)共有和共同管理權(quán)利的其他重大事項(xiàng)。
The quorum for matters subject to the unit owners’ joint decision shall be two thirds or more of the exclusive units both by area and by number of unit owners. Decisions of matters provided in Subparagraphs (6) through (8) shall be subject to the consent of the unit owners representing three quarters or more of the participating exclusive units both by area and by number of unit owners. Decisions of other matters provided in the preceding Paragraph shall be subject to the consent of the unit owners representing more than half of the participating exclusive units both by area and by number of unit owners.
業(yè)主共同決定事項(xiàng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)由專有部分面積占比三分之二以上的業(yè)主且人數(shù)占比三分之二以上的業(yè)主參與表決。決定前款第六項(xiàng)至第八項(xiàng)規(guī)定的事項(xiàng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)參與表決專有部分面積四分之三以上的業(yè)主且參與表決人數(shù)四分之三以上的業(yè)主同意。決定前款其他事項(xiàng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)參與表決專有部分面積過半數(shù)的業(yè)主且參與表決人數(shù)過半數(shù)的業(yè)主同意。
Article 279 No unit owner may turn a dwelling space into a space used for operating businesses in violation of laws, regulations, or the stipulations on management. A unit owner who intends to turn a dwelling space into a space used for operating businesses shall, in addition to abiding by laws, regulations, and the stipulations on management, obtain unanimous consent from all interested unit owners.
第二百七十九條??業(yè)主不得違反法律、法規(guī)以及管理規(guī)約，將住宅改變?yōu)榻?jīng)營(yíng)性用房。業(yè)主將住宅改變?yōu)榻?jīng)營(yíng)性用房的，除遵守法律、法規(guī)以及管理規(guī)約外，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)有利害關(guān)系的業(yè)主一致同意。
Article 280 Decisions of the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee are legally binding on unit owners.
第二百八十條??業(yè)主大會(huì)或者業(yè)主委員會(huì)的決定，對(duì)業(yè)主具有法律約束力。
Where a decision made by the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a unit owner, the infringed owner may request the people’s court to revoke it.
業(yè)主大會(huì)或者業(yè)主委員會(huì)作出的決定侵害業(yè)主合法權(quán)益的，受侵害的業(yè)主可以請(qǐng)求人民法院予以撤銷。
Article 281 The maintenance funds for buildings and their auxiliary facilities are co-owned by the unit owners. The funds may, upon joint decision of the unit owners, be used for the maintenance, renewal, and renovation of the co-owned spaces, such as elevators, roofs, exterior walls, and barrier-free facilities. Information on raising and using the maintenance funds for buildings and their auxiliary facilities shall be publicized on a regular basis.
第二百八十一條??建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的維修資金，屬于業(yè)主共有。經(jīng)業(yè)主共同決定，可以用于電梯、屋頂、外墻、無(wú)障礙設(shè)施等共有部分的維修、更新和改造。建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的維修資金的籌集、使用情況應(yīng)當(dāng)定期公布。
Where a building and its auxiliary facilities need to be maintained in an emergency situation, the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee may, in accordance with law, apply for the use of the maintenance funds for the building and its auxiliary facilities.
緊急情況下需要維修建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的，業(yè)主大會(huì)或者業(yè)主委員會(huì)可以依法申請(qǐng)使用建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的維修資金。
Article 282 The income generated from the space co-owned by the unit owners that is received by the developer, the property management service enterprise, or other managers are co-owned by all unit owners after reasonable costs are deducted.
第二百八十二條??建設(shè)單位、物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人等利用業(yè)主的共有部分產(chǎn)生的收入，在扣除合理成本之后，屬于業(yè)主共有。
Article 283 Where there is an agreement on matters such as allocation of expenses on and distribution of income gained from a building and its auxiliary facilities, such matters shall be determined in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, such matters shall be determined in proportion to the area of each unit owner’s exclusive unit to the total area.
第二百八十三條??建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的費(fèi)用分?jǐn)偂⑹找娣峙涞仁马?xiàng)，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照業(yè)主專有部分面積所占比例確定。
Article 284 The unit owners may either manage the buildings and the auxiliary facilities on their own, or entrust a property management service enterprise or another manager for such a purpose.
第二百八十四條??業(yè)主可以自行管理建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施，也可以委托物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人管理。
The unit owners have the right to replace, in accordance with law, the property management service enterprise or the other managers employed by the developer.
對(duì)建設(shè)單位聘請(qǐng)的物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人，業(yè)主有權(quán)依法更換。
Article 285 The property management service enterprise or otherwise a manager shall, as entrusted by the unit owners, manage the buildings and their auxiliary facilities within the construction zone in accordance with the provisions of Book Three of this Code relating to contracts for property management service, subject itself to the supervision of the unit owners, and respond to the unit owners’ inquiries about property management services in a timely manner.
第二百八十五條??物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人根據(jù)業(yè)主的委托，依照本法第三編有關(guān)物業(yè)服務(wù)合同的規(guī)定管理建筑區(qū)劃內(nèi)的建筑物及其附屬設(shè)施，接受業(yè)主的監(jiān)督，并及時(shí)答復(fù)業(yè)主對(duì)物業(yè)服務(wù)情況提出的詢問。
The property management service enterprise or other managers shall carry out emergency measures and other management measures implemented by the government in accordance with law and actively cooperate in the performance of the relevant work.
物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行政府依法實(shí)施的應(yīng)急處置措施和其他管理措施，積極配合開展相關(guān)工作。
Article 286 The unit owners shall abide by laws, regulations, and the stipulations on management, and their relevant acts shall meet the requirements of conserving resources and protecting the ecological environment. With respect to the emergency measures and other management measures implemented by the government in accordance with law that are carried out by the property management service enterprise or other managers, the unit owners shall, in accordance with law, be cooperative.
第二百八十六條??業(yè)主應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律、法規(guī)以及管理規(guī)約，相關(guān)行為應(yīng)當(dāng)符合節(jié)約資源、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的要求。對(duì)于物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人執(zhí)行政府依法實(shí)施的應(yīng)急處置措施和其他管理措施，業(yè)主應(yīng)當(dāng)依法予以配合。
With respect to an act impairing the lawful rights and interests of others, such as arbitrarily discarding garbage, discharging pollutants or noises, feeding and keeping animals in violation of the stipulations, constructing structures against rules and regulations, encroaching on passages, and refusing to pay property management fees, the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee has the right to request the actor to discontinue such infringements, remove the nuisance, eliminate the danger, restore to the original condition, and compensate for the losses entailed.
業(yè)主大會(huì)或者業(yè)主委員會(huì)，對(duì)任意棄置垃圾、排放污染物或者噪聲、違反規(guī)定飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物、違章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物業(yè)費(fèi)等損害他人合法權(quán)益的行為，有權(quán)依照法律、法規(guī)以及管理規(guī)約，請(qǐng)求行為人停止侵害、排除妨礙、消除危險(xiǎn)、恢復(fù)原狀、賠償損失。
Where a unit owner or an actor refuses to perform the relevant duties, the party concerned may make a report to, or lodge a complaint with the competent administrative department, which shall handle the case in accordance with law.
業(yè)主或者其他行為人拒不履行相關(guān)義務(wù)的，有關(guān)當(dāng)事人可以向有關(guān)行政主管部門報(bào)告或者投訴，有關(guān)行政主管部門應(yīng)當(dāng)依法處理。
Article 287 A unit owner has the right to request the developer, the property management service enterprise or other managers, and other unit owners to bear civil liability for any act done by them that infringes upon his lawful rights and interests.
第二百八十七條??業(yè)主對(duì)建設(shè)單位、物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)或者其他管理人以及其他業(yè)主侵害自己合法權(quán)益的行為，有權(quán)請(qǐng)求其承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
Chapter VII Adjacent Relationships
第七章??相鄰關(guān)系
Article 288 The persons entitled to adjacent rights in immovable property shall properly deal with adjacent relationships in accordance with the principles of facilitation to production, convenience for daily lives, solidarity and mutual assistance, and fairness and reasonableness.
第二百八十八條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的相鄰權(quán)利人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照有利生產(chǎn)、方便生活、團(tuán)結(jié)互助、公平合理的原則，正確處理相鄰關(guān)系。
Article 289 Where there are laws and regulations providing for adjacent relationships, those provisions shall be applied. Where there are no such provisions, local customs may be followed.
第二百八十九條??法律、法規(guī)對(duì)處理相鄰關(guān)系有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定；法律、法規(guī)沒有規(guī)定的，可以按照當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣。
Article 290 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property shall provide a person entitled to an adjacent right the necessary convenience for the use of water or drainage.
第二百九十條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人應(yīng)當(dāng)為相鄰權(quán)利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。
The right to utilization of natural flowing water shall be reasonably allocated among the persons entitled to the adjacent rights of the immovable property. When discharging the water, the direction of the natural water flow shall be respected.
對(duì)自然流水的利用，應(yīng)當(dāng)在不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的相鄰權(quán)利人之間合理分配。對(duì)自然流水的排放，應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重自然流向。
Article 291 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property shall provide necessary convenience to the persons entitled to an adjacent right who have to utilize his land for passage, and the like.
第二百九十一條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人對(duì)相鄰權(quán)利人因通行等必須利用其土地的，應(yīng)當(dāng)提供必要的便利。
Article 292 Where a person entitled to the real rights in immovable property has to utilize the adjacent land or building for constructing or maintaining a building, or for laying electrical wires, cables, or the pipelines for water, heating, gas, or the like, the person entitled to the real rights in the adjacent land or building shall provide the necessary convenience.
第二百九十二條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人因建造、修繕建筑物以及鋪設(shè)電線、電纜、水管、暖氣和燃?xì)夤芫€等必須利用相鄰?fù)恋?、建筑物的，該土地、建筑物的?quán)利人應(yīng)當(dāng)提供必要的便利。
Article 293 The construction of a building may not violate the relevant construction standards of the State or obstruct the ventilation, lighting, or sunlight of the adjacent buildings.
第二百九十三條??建造建筑物，不得違反國(guó)家有關(guān)工程建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不得妨礙相鄰建筑物的通風(fēng)、采光和日照。
Article 294 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property may not, in violation of the regulations of the State, discard solid wastes or emit harmful substances such as atmospheric pollutants, water pollutants, soil pollutants, noises, light radiation, and electromagnetic radiation.
第二百九十四條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人不得違反國(guó)家規(guī)定棄置固體廢物，排放大氣污染物、水污染物、土壤污染物、噪聲、光輻射、電磁輻射等有害物質(zhì)。
Article 295 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property may not endanger the safety of the adjacent immovable property when excavating land, constructing buildings, laying pipelines, installing facilities, or the like.
第二百九十五條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人挖掘土地、建造建筑物、鋪設(shè)管線以及安裝設(shè)備等，不得危及相鄰不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的安全。
Article 296 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property who utilizes the adjacent immovable property for the purpose of using water, drainage, passage, laying pipelines, and the like, shall spare no effort to avoid causing damage to the person entitled to the real rights in the adjacent immovable property.
第二百九十六條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人因用水、排水、通行、鋪設(shè)管線等利用相鄰不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量避免對(duì)相鄰的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)利人造成損害。
Chapter VIII Co-ownership
第八章??共有
Article 297 Immovable or movable property may be co-owned by two or more organizations or individuals. Co-ownership consists of co-ownership by shares and joint co-ownership.
第二百九十七條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)可以由兩個(gè)以上組織、個(gè)人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。
Article 298 Co-owners by shares have the ownership of the co-owned immovable or movable property according to their shares.
第二百九十八條??按份共有人對(duì)共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)按照其份額享有所有權(quán)。
Article 299 Joint co-owners jointly have the ownership of the co-owned immovable or movable property.
第二百九十九條??共同共有人對(duì)共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)共同享有所有權(quán)。
Article 300 The co-owners shall manage the co-owned immovable or movable property in accordance with their agreement. Where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, each co-owner is entitled and obligated to manage it.
第三百條??共有人按照約定管理共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，各共有人都有管理的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。
Article 301 Unless otherwise agreed by the co-owners, any disposition of the co-owned immovable or movable property, or any major repair or change of the nature or intended use of the co-owned immovable or movable property shall be subject to the consent of the co-owners by shares whose shares account for two thirds or more of the total shares, or to the consent of all joint co-owners.
第三百零一條??處分共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)以及對(duì)共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)作重大修繕、變更性質(zhì)或者用途的，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)占份額三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全體共同共有人同意，但是共有人之間另有約定的除外。
Article 302 The management expenses of and other burdens on a thing co-owned by the co-owners shall be borne according to the agreement among the co-owners where there is such an agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, these expenses shall be borne by the co-owners by shares proportionally, and by the joint co-owners jointly.
第三百零二條??共有人對(duì)共有物的管理費(fèi)用以及其他負(fù)擔(dān)，有約定的，按照其約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按份共有人按照其份額負(fù)擔(dān)，共同共有人共同負(fù)擔(dān)。
Article 303 Where the co-owners have agreed not to partition the co-owned immovable or movable property in order to maintain the co-ownership, the agreement shall be followed, provided that a co-owner may request partition if there is a compelling reason for partition. Where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, a co-owner by shares may request partition at any time, whereas a joint co-owner may request partition in case the basis for the joint ownership ceases to exist or there is a compelling reason for partition. Compensation shall be made if partition causes damage to the other co-owners.
第三百零三條??共有人約定不得分割共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)，以維持共有關(guān)系的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定，但是共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以請(qǐng)求分割；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按份共有人可以隨時(shí)請(qǐng)求分割，共同共有人在共有的基礎(chǔ)喪失或者有重大理由需要分割時(shí)可以請(qǐng)求分割。因分割造成其他共有人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)給予賠償。
Article 304 The co-owners may determine through negotiation the way of partition of the co-owned thing. Where they fail to reach an agreement, and where the co-owned immovable or movable property is divisible and its value is not diminished upon division, partition in kind shall be effected; where it is difficult to divide the co-owned thing or where its value would be impaired upon division, partition shall be carried out through dividing the proceeds based on appraisal or obtained from auction or a sale of it.
第三百零四條??共有人可以協(xié)商確定分割方式。達(dá)不成協(xié)議，共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)可以分割且不會(huì)因分割減損價(jià)值的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)實(shí)物予以分割；難以分割或者因分割會(huì)減損價(jià)值的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)折價(jià)或者拍賣、變賣取得的價(jià)款予以分割。
Where the immovable or movable property acquired by a co-owner by means of partition is defective, the other co-owners shall share the losses.
共有人分割所得的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)有瑕疵的，其他共有人應(yīng)當(dāng)分擔(dān)損失。
Article 305 A co-owner by shares may transfer the portion of shares he owned in the co-owned immovable or movable property. The other co-owners have the right of pre-emption to buy the shares under equivalent conditions.
第三百零五條??按份共有人可以轉(zhuǎn)讓其享有的共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)份額。其他共有人在同等條件下享有優(yōu)先購(gòu)買的權(quán)利。
Article 306 Where a co-owner by shares transfers the portion of shares he owned in the co-owned immovable or movable property, he shall notify the other co-owners of the conditions of transfer in a timely manner. The other co-owners shall exercise their right of pre-emption within a reasonable period of time.
第三百零六條??按份共有人轉(zhuǎn)讓其享有的共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)份額的，應(yīng)當(dāng)將轉(zhuǎn)讓條件及時(shí)通知其他共有人。其他共有人應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理期限內(nèi)行使優(yōu)先購(gòu)買權(quán)。
Where two or more co-owners assert their rights of pre-emption, they shall determine through negotiation the proportion of shares each may purchase; where no agreement is reached, they shall exercise their right of pre-emption in proportion to the shares they each own at the time of transfer.
兩個(gè)以上其他共有人主張行使優(yōu)先購(gòu)買權(quán)的，協(xié)商確定各自的購(gòu)買比例；協(xié)商不成的，按照轉(zhuǎn)讓時(shí)各自的共有份額比例行使優(yōu)先購(gòu)買權(quán)。
Article 307 In terms of external relations, the co-owners are jointly and severally entitled to claims and are jointly and severally obligated to perform obligations arising from the co-owned immovable or movable property, unless it is otherwise provided by law or where the third person is aware that the co-owners are not in a relationship of joint and several claims and obligations. In terms of internal relations, unless otherwise agreed by the co-owners, the co-owners by shares are entitled to claims and obligated to perform obligations in proportion to the shares they each own, and the joint co-owners are jointly entitled to claims and obligated to perform obligations. A co-owner by shares who has performed the obligation in excess of his shares has the right of contribution against the other co-owners.
第三百零七條??因共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的債權(quán)債務(wù)，在對(duì)外關(guān)系上，共有人享有連帶債權(quán)、承擔(dān)連帶債務(wù)，但是法律另有規(guī)定或者第三人知道共有人不具有連帶債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系的除外；在共有人內(nèi)部關(guān)系上，除共有人另有約定外，按份共有人按照份額享有債權(quán)、承擔(dān)債務(wù)，共同共有人共同享有債權(quán)、承擔(dān)債務(wù)。償還債務(wù)超過自己應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)份額的按份共有人，有權(quán)向其他共有人追償。
Article 308 Where there is no agreement among the co-owners or the agreement is unclear as to whether the co-owned immovable or movable property is under co-ownership by shares or under joint co-ownership, the immovable or movable property shall be deemed to be under co-ownership by shares, unless the co-owners are in a relationship such as familial relationship and the like.
第三百零八條??共有人對(duì)共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)沒有約定為按份共有或者共同共有，或者約定不明確的，除共有人具有家庭關(guān)系等外，視為按份共有。
Article 309 The share of a co-owner by shares in the immovable or movable property shall be determined according to his capital contribution where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear. Where it is impossible to determine the amount of capital contribution, each co-owner by shares shall be entitled to an equal share.
第三百零九條??按份共有人對(duì)共有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)享有的份額，沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照出資額確定；不能確定出資額的，視為等額享有。
Article 310 Where two or more organizations or individuals are jointly entitled to a right to usufruct or a security interest, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第三百一十條??兩個(gè)以上組織、個(gè)人共同享有用益物權(quán)、擔(dān)保物權(quán)的，參照適用本章的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Chapter IX Special Provisions on the Acquisition of Ownership
第九章??所有權(quán)取得的特別規(guī)定
Article 311 Where a person with no right to dispose of an immovable or movable property transfers it to another person, the owner has the right to recover it; unless otherwise provided by law, the transferee acquires the ownership of the immovable or movable property under the following circumstances:
第三百一十一條??無(wú)處分權(quán)人將不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓給受讓人的，所有權(quán)人有權(quán)追回；除法律另有規(guī)定外，符合下列情形的，受讓人取得該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)：
(1) the transferee is in good faith at the time when the immovable or movable property is transferred to him;
（一）受讓人受讓該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)時(shí)是善意；
(2) the transfer is made at a reasonable price; and
（二）以合理的價(jià)格轉(zhuǎn)讓；
(3) the transferred immovable or movable property has been registered as required by law, or has been delivered to the transferee where registration is not required.
（三）轉(zhuǎn)讓的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)依照法律規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)怯浀囊呀?jīng)登記，不需要登記的已經(jīng)交付給受讓人。
Where a transferee acquires the ownership of the immovable or movable property in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the original owner has the right to claim damages against the person who disposes of the property without a right.
受讓人依據(jù)前款規(guī)定取得不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)的，原所有權(quán)人有權(quán)向無(wú)處分權(quán)人請(qǐng)求損害賠償。
Where a party acquires, in good faith, a real right other than ownership, the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
當(dāng)事人善意取得其他物權(quán)的，參照適用前兩款規(guī)定。
Article 312 An owner or any other right holder has the right to recover a lost thing. Where the lost thing is possessed by another person by way of transfer, the right holder has the right to claim damages against the person who disposes of the thing without the right to disposition, or to request the transferee to return the original thing within two years from the date on which the right holder knows or should have known of the transferee, provided that where the transferee has acquired the lost thing at auction or from a qualified business operator, the right holder shall, at the time of requesting the return of the original thing, reimburse the expenses that have been paid by the transferee. The right holder has, after having reimbursed the expenses paid by the transferee, the right to indemnification against the person who disposes of the thing without the right to disposition.
第三百一十二條??所有權(quán)人或者其他權(quán)利人有權(quán)追回遺失物。該遺失物通過轉(zhuǎn)讓被他人占有的，權(quán)利人有權(quán)向無(wú)處分權(quán)人請(qǐng)求損害賠償，或者自知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道受讓人之日起二年內(nèi)向受讓人請(qǐng)求返還原物；但是，受讓人通過拍賣或者向具有經(jīng)營(yíng)資格的經(jīng)營(yíng)者購(gòu)得該遺失物的，權(quán)利人請(qǐng)求返還原物時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)支付受讓人所付的費(fèi)用。權(quán)利人向受讓人支付所付費(fèi)用后，有權(quán)向無(wú)處分權(quán)人追償。
Article 313 After a bona fide transferee acquires the movable property, the original rights in the movable property is extinguished, unless the bona fide transferee knows or should have known of such rights at the time of the transfer.
第三百一十三條??善意受讓人取得動(dòng)產(chǎn)后，該動(dòng)產(chǎn)上的原有權(quán)利消滅。但是，善意受讓人在受讓時(shí)知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道該權(quán)利的除外。
Article 314 Where a lost thing is found, it shall be returned to its right holder. The finder shall, in a timely manner, notify its right holder or hand it over to the relevant departments such as the department for public security.
第三百一十四條??拾得遺失物，應(yīng)當(dāng)返還權(quán)利人。拾得人應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)通知權(quán)利人領(lǐng)取，或者送交公安等有關(guān)部門。
Article 315 Where the relevant department receives a lost thing and knows who is its right holder, the department shall, in a timely manner, notify him to collect the lost thing; where the department does not know who is the right holder, it shall issue a lost-and-found notice in a timely manner.
第三百一十五條??有關(guān)部門收到遺失物，知道權(quán)利人的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)通知其領(lǐng)?。徊恢赖模瑧?yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)發(fā)布招領(lǐng)公告。
Article 316 A finder shall well keep a lost thing before it is delivered to the relevant department, and the relevant department shall well keep it before it is collected. A person who, intentionally or by gross negligence, causes the lost thing in his custody to be destructed, damaged, or lost shall bear civil liability.
第三百一十六條??拾得人在遺失物送交有關(guān)部門前，有關(guān)部門在遺失物被領(lǐng)取前，應(yīng)當(dāng)妥善保管遺失物。因故意或者重大過失致使遺失物毀損、滅失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
Article 317 The right holder of a lost thing shall, at the time of collecting it, pay to the finder or the relevant department the necessary expenses, such as the expense for safekeeping the lost thing.
第三百一十七條??權(quán)利人領(lǐng)取遺失物時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)向拾得人或者有關(guān)部門支付保管遺失物等支出的必要費(fèi)用。
Where a right holder has offered a reward for finding the lost thing, he shall, at the time of collecting the lost thing, perform his obligations as promised.
權(quán)利人懸賞尋找遺失物的，領(lǐng)取遺失物時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)按照承諾履行義務(wù)。
Where a finder misappropriates the lost thing, he is neither entitled to request reimbursement of expenses such as the expense for safekeeping the lost thing, nor entitled to request the right holder to perform the obligations as promised.
拾得人侵占遺失物的，無(wú)權(quán)請(qǐng)求保管遺失物等支出的費(fèi)用，也無(wú)權(quán)請(qǐng)求權(quán)利人按照承諾履行義務(wù)。
Article 318 Where a lost thing has not been claimed by anybody within one year from the date the lost-and-found notice is publicized, the lost thing is to be escheated to the State.
第三百一十八條??遺失物自發(fā)布招領(lǐng)公告之日起一年內(nèi)無(wú)人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的，歸國(guó)家所有。
Article 319 Where a drifting thing is found or a thing buried underground or hidden is discovered, the provisions relating to the finding of lost things shall be applied mutatis mutandis, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百一十九條??拾得漂流物、發(fā)現(xiàn)埋藏物或者隱藏物的，參照適用拾得遺失物的有關(guān)規(guī)定。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 320 Where a principal thing is transferred, the accessary thereof shall be transferred concomitantly, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第三百二十條??主物轉(zhuǎn)讓的，從物隨主物轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外。
Article 321 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the natural fruits of a thing shall be acquired by the owner of the thing, or by a usufructuary if there are both an owner and a usufructuary of the thing.
第三百二十一條??天然孳息，由所有權(quán)人取得；既有所有權(quán)人又有用益物權(quán)人的，由用益物權(quán)人取得。當(dāng)事人另有約定的，按照其約定。
The legal proceeds of a thing shall be acquired as agreed by the parties if there is such an agreement, or, where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, in accordance with the course of dealing.
法定孳息，當(dāng)事人有約定的，按照約定取得；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照交易習(xí)慣取得。
Article 322 A thing, that is created as a result of processing, or combining or mixing with another thing or things, shall be owned as agreed if there is such an agreement, or in accordance with law if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, or, in the absence of any provisions in law, be determined in compliance with the principles of making full use of the thing and protecting the party without fault. Where damage is caused to another party owing to one party’s fault or owing to the determination of the attribution of the thing, indemnity or compensation shall be paid.
第三百二十二條??因加工、附合、混合而產(chǎn)生的物的歸屬，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照法律規(guī)定；法律沒有規(guī)定的，按照充分發(fā)揮物的效用以及保護(hù)無(wú)過錯(cuò)當(dāng)事人的原則確定。因一方當(dāng)事人的過錯(cuò)或者確定物的歸屬造成另一方當(dāng)事人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)給予賠償或者補(bǔ)償。
Part Three Rights of Usufruct
第三分編??用益物權(quán)
Chapter X General Rules
第十章??一般規(guī)定
Article 323 A usufructuary has the right to possess, use, and benefit from the immovable or movable property owned by another person in accordance with law.
第三百二十三條??用益物權(quán)人對(duì)他人所有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)，依法享有占有、使用和收益的權(quán)利。
Article 324 Organizations and individuals may, in accordance with law, possess, use, and benefit from the natural resources owned by the State, the State-owned natural resources that are used by collectives, and the natural resources that are owned by collectives as provided by law.
第三百二十四條??國(guó)家所有或者國(guó)家所有由集體使用以及法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的自然資源，組織、個(gè)人依法可以占有、使用和收益。
Article 325 The State implements a system of compensation for the use of natural resources, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百二十五條??國(guó)家實(shí)行自然資源有償使用制度，但是法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
Article 326 A usufructuary shall, when exercising his right, abide by the provisions of laws on the protection, rational exploitation, and utilization of resources and the protection of the ecological environment. The owner may not interfere with the exercise of such rights by the usufructuary.
第三百二十六條??用益物權(quán)人行使權(quán)利，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律有關(guān)保護(hù)和合理開發(fā)利用資源、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的規(guī)定。所有權(quán)人不得干涉用益物權(quán)人行使權(quán)利。
Article 327 Where a right to usufruct is extinguished or adversely affected due to expropriation or requisition of the immovable or movable property, the usufructuary has the right to compensation according to the provisions of Articles 243 and 245 of this Code.
第三百二十七條??因不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)被征收、征用致使用益物權(quán)消滅或者影響用益物權(quán)行使的，用益物權(quán)人有權(quán)依據(jù)本法第二百四十三條、第二百四十五條的規(guī)定獲得相應(yīng)補(bǔ)償。
Article 328 The right to use the sea areas that is acquired in accordance with law is protected by law.
第三百二十八條??依法取得的海域使用權(quán)受法律保護(hù)。
Article 329 The right to explore and mine minerals, to draw water, and to use waters and mudflats to engage in aquaculture or fishing that are acquired in accordance with law is protected by law.
第三百二十九條??依法取得的探礦權(quán)、采礦權(quán)、取水權(quán)和使用水域、灘涂從事養(yǎng)殖、捕撈的權(quán)利受法律保護(hù)。
Chapter XI Right to Contractual Management of Land
第十一章??土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)
Article 330 Rural collective economic organizations shall adopt a two-tier management system, with household contractual management as the basis and integrated with the collective management.
第三百三十條??農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織實(shí)行家庭承包經(jīng)營(yíng)為基礎(chǔ)、統(tǒng)分結(jié)合的雙層經(jīng)營(yíng)體制。
A system of contractual management of land is adopted in accordance with law for cultivated land, forestland, grassland, and other land used for agricultural purposes which are owned by farmers collectively, or owned by the State and used by farmers collectively.
農(nóng)民集體所有和國(guó)家所有由農(nóng)民集體使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用于農(nóng)業(yè)的土地，依法實(shí)行土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)制度。
Article 331 A person who has the right to contractual management of land is, in accordance with law, entitled to possess, use, and benefit from the cultivated land, forestland, and grassland contracted and managed by him, and to engage in agricultural production such as crop cultivation, forestry, and animal husbandry.
第三百三十一條??土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人依法對(duì)其承包經(jīng)營(yíng)的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的權(quán)利，有權(quán)從事種植業(yè)、林業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。
Article 332 The term of a contract for cultivated land is 30 years. The term of a contract for grassland ranges from 30 to 50 years. The term of a contract for forestland ranges from 30 to 70 years.
第三百三十二條??耕地的承包期為三十年。草地的承包期為三十年至五十年。林地的承包期為三十年至七十年。
Upon expiration of the term of contract as provided in the preceding paragraph, the person with the right to contractual management of land is entitled to renew the contract in accordance with the provisions of laws on rural land contracting.
前款規(guī)定的承包期限屆滿，由土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人依照農(nóng)村土地承包的法律規(guī)定繼續(xù)承包。
Article 333 A right to contractual management of land is created at the time when the contract on the right to contractual management of land enters into effect.
第三百三十三條??土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)自土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)合同生效時(shí)設(shè)立。
The registration authority shall issue a certificate, such as a certificate of the right to contractual management of land, a certificate of the right to forestry, and the like, to the person entitled to the respective right to contractual management of land, and establish a register for this purpose to record and confirm such rights.
登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)向土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人發(fā)放土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)證、林權(quán)證等證書，并登記造冊(cè)，確認(rèn)土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)。
Article 334 The persons with the rights to contractual management of land are entitled to exchange or transfer such rights in accordance with law. The contracted land may not be used for non-agricultural construction purposes without being approved in accordance with law.
第三百三十四條??土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人依照法律規(guī)定，有權(quán)將土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)互換、轉(zhuǎn)讓。未經(jīng)依法批準(zhǔn)，不得將承包地用于非農(nóng)建設(shè)。
Article 335 Where the rights to contractual management of land are exchanged or transferred, the parties may apply to the registration authority for registration; without registration, such exchange or transfer may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第三百三十五條??土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)互換、轉(zhuǎn)讓的，當(dāng)事人可以向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)登記；未經(jīng)登記，不得對(duì)抗善意第三人。
Article 336 Within the term of contract, the party offering the contract may not adjust the contracted land.
第三百三十六條??承包期內(nèi)發(fā)包人不得調(diào)整承包地。
Under special circumstances such as severe deterioration on the contracted land caused by natural disasters, appropriate adjustments shall be made in accordance with the provisions of laws on rural land contracting where necessary.
因自然災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重毀損承包地等特殊情形，需要適當(dāng)調(diào)整承包的耕地和草地的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照農(nóng)村土地承包的法律規(guī)定辦理。
Article 337 Within the term of contract, the party offering the contract may not take back the contracted land, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百三十七條??承包期內(nèi)發(fā)包人不得收回承包地。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 338 Where the contracted land is expropriated, the affected person with the right to contractual management of land is entitled to the corresponding compensation according to the provisions of Article 243 of this Code.
第三百三十八條??承包地被征收的，土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人有權(quán)依據(jù)本法第二百四十三條的規(guī)定獲得相應(yīng)補(bǔ)償。
Article 339 A person with the right to contractual management of land may decide on his own to transfer the right to management of land to others by leasing, contributing it as shares, or other means in accordance with law.
第三百三十九條??土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人可以自主決定依法采取出租、入股或者其他方式向他人流轉(zhuǎn)土地經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)。
Article 340 Within the time limit as agreed in the contract, the person with the right to management of land is entitled to possess the rural land, to carry out agricultural production and operation on his own, and to benefit therefrom.
第三百四十條??土地經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)人有權(quán)在合同約定的期限內(nèi)占有農(nóng)村土地，自主開展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)并取得收益。
Article 341 The right to management of land which is transferred for a term of five years or longer is created when the contract for the transfer enters into force. The parties may apply to the registration authority for registration of the right to management of land; without registration, such a right may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第三百四十一條??流轉(zhuǎn)期限為五年以上的土地經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)，自流轉(zhuǎn)合同生效時(shí)設(shè)立。當(dāng)事人可以向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)土地經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)登記；未經(jīng)登記，不得對(duì)抗善意第三人。
Article 342 Where rural land is contracted by means including bidding, auction, or open negotiation, for which a title certificate is obtained through registration in accordance with law, the right to manage such land may, in accordance with law, be transferred by means of leasing, contributing it as shares, mortgaging, or by other means.
第三百四十二條??通過招標(biāo)、拍賣、公開協(xié)商等方式承包農(nóng)村土地，經(jīng)依法登記取得權(quán)屬證書的，可以依法采取出租、入股、抵押或者其他方式流轉(zhuǎn)土地經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)。
Article 343 Where contractual management is adopted for the State-owned land that is used for agricultural purposes, the relevant provisions of this Book shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第三百四十三條??國(guó)家所有的農(nóng)用地實(shí)行承包經(jīng)營(yíng)的，參照適用本編的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Chapter XII Right to Use Land for Construction Purposes
第十二章??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)
Article 344 With respect to the State-owned land zoned for construction purposes, a person with the right to use a lot of such land is entitled to possess, use, and benefit from the lot, and to use it to construct buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities.
第三百四十四條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人依法對(duì)國(guó)家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的權(quán)利，有權(quán)利用該土地建造建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其附屬設(shè)施。
Article 345 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes may be created separately on the surface of, above, or below the lot of land.
第三百四十五條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分別設(shè)立。
Article 346 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall be created in conformity with the requirements for conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment, and in compliance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the planned use of the lot, and may not impair the rights to usufruct already created thereon.
第三百四十六條??設(shè)立建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)，應(yīng)當(dāng)符合節(jié)約資源、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的要求，遵守法律、行政法規(guī)關(guān)于土地用途的規(guī)定，不得損害已經(jīng)設(shè)立的用益物權(quán)。
Article 347 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes may be created by way of transfer or gratuitous grant.
第三百四十七條??設(shè)立建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)，可以采取出讓或者劃撥等方式。
The bidding, auction, or other means of public bidding shall be adopted in transferring a lot of land used for business purposes, such as for industrial, commercial, tourism, recreational, and commercial residential purposes, or where there are two or more intended users competing for the right to use the same lot of land .
工業(yè)、商業(yè)、旅游、娛樂和商品住宅等經(jīng)營(yíng)性用地以及同一土地有兩個(gè)以上意向用地者的，應(yīng)當(dāng)采取招標(biāo)、拍賣等公開競(jìng)價(jià)的方式出讓。
The creation of a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes by way of gratuitous grant is strictly restricted.
嚴(yán)格限制以劃撥方式設(shè)立建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)。
Article 348 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is created through bidding, auction, agreement, or other means of transfer, the parties shall enter into a contract in writing for the transfer of the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes.
第三百四十八條??通過招標(biāo)、拍賣、協(xié)議等出讓方式設(shè)立建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)的，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式訂立建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)出讓合同。
A contract for the transfer of the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes generally contains the following clauses:
建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)出讓合同一般包括下列條款：
(1) the name and address of each party;
（一）當(dāng)事人的名稱和住所；
(2) the metes and bounds and area of the lot of land;
（二）土地界址、面積等；
(3) the space occupied by the buildings, structures, and the auxiliary facilities thereof;
（三）建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其附屬設(shè)施占用的空間；
(4) the planned use and zoning conditions of the lot;
（四）土地用途、規(guī)劃條件；
(5) the term of the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes;
（五）建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)期限；
(6) the transfer fee and other fees, and the mode of payment thereof; and
（六）出讓金等費(fèi)用及其支付方式；
(7) the means of dispute resolution.
（七）解決爭(zhēng)議的方法。
Article 349 To create a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, application shall be filed with the registration authority for the registration of the right. The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is created upon registration. The registration authority shall issue a title certificate to the person entitled to the right.
第三百四十九條??設(shè)立建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)登記。建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)自登記時(shí)設(shè)立。登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)向建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人發(fā)放權(quán)屬證書。
Article 350 A person who has the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall make reasonable use of the lot and may not change its planned use. Where it is necessary to change the planned use of the lot, approval shall be obtained from the competent administrative department in accordance with law.
第三百五十條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)合理利用土地，不得改變土地用途；需要改變土地用途的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法經(jīng)有關(guān)行政主管部門批準(zhǔn)。
Article 351 A person who has the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall pay the transfer fee and other fees in accordance with law and the contract.
第三百五十一條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法律規(guī)定以及合同約定支付出讓金等費(fèi)用。
Article 352 The ownership of buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities thereof constructed by a person with the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes belongs to the person, unless it is proved by evidence to the contrary.
第三百五十二條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人建造的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其附屬設(shè)施的所有權(quán)屬于建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人，但是有相反證據(jù)證明的除外。
Article 353 Unless otherwise provided by law, the persons with a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes are entitled to transfer, exchange, offer as capital contribution, give away as a gift, or mortgage their rights.
第三百五十三條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)人有權(quán)將建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓、互換、出資、贈(zèng)與或者抵押，但是法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
Article 354 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, given away as a gift, or mortgaged, the parties shall enter into a contract thereon in writing. The term of the use shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it may not exceed the remaining term of the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes.
第三百五十四條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓、互換、出資、贈(zèng)與或者抵押的，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式訂立相應(yīng)的合同。使用期限由當(dāng)事人約定，但是不得超過建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)的剩余期限。
Article 355 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, or given away as a gift, an application for registration of the change shall be filed with the registration authority.
第三百五十五條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓、互換、出資或者贈(zèng)與的，應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)變更登記。
Article 356 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, or given away as a gift, the buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities thereof attached to the land shall be disposed of concomitantly.
第三百五十六條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓、互換、出資或者贈(zèng)與的，附著于該土地上的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其附屬設(shè)施一并處分。
Article 357 Where a building or structure, and auxiliary facilities thereof are transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, or given away as a gift, the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes in the lot of land occupied by the building, structure, and auxiliary facilities thereof shall be disposed of concomitantly.
第三百五十七條??建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其附屬設(shè)施轉(zhuǎn)讓、互換、出資或者贈(zèng)與的，該建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其附屬設(shè)施占用范圍內(nèi)的建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)一并處分。
Article 358 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes needs to be taken back prior to expiration of its term for public interest purposes, compensation shall be paid for the houses and other immovable property on the land according to the provisions of Article 243 of this Code, and the portion of the unused transfer fee shall be refunded.
第三百五十八條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)期限屆滿前，因公共利益需要提前收回該土地的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)本法第二百四十三條的規(guī)定對(duì)該土地上的房屋以及其他不動(dòng)產(chǎn)給予補(bǔ)償，并退還相應(yīng)的出讓金。
Article 359 The right to use a lot of land for construction of residential buildings is automatically renewed upon expiration of the term. The payment, reduction, or exemption of the renewal fees shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.
第三百五十九條??住宅建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)期限屆滿的，自動(dòng)續(xù)期。續(xù)期費(fèi)用的繳納或者減免，依照法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定辦理。
The renewal of the right to use a lot of land for construction of buildings other than residences, upon expiration of the term, shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the laws. The ownership of the buildings and other immovable property on such lot of land shall be determined in accordance with the agreement, or, where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations .
非住宅建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)期限屆滿后的續(xù)期，依照法律規(guī)定辦理。該土地上的房屋以及其他不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的歸屬，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定辦理。
Article 360 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is extinguished, the transferor of the right shall deregister the right in a timely manner. The registration authority shall withdraw the title certificate thereof.
第三百六十條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)消滅的，出讓人應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)辦理注銷登記。登記機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)收回權(quán)屬證書。
Article 361 The using of a lot of collectively-owned land for construction purposes shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the laws on land administration.
第三百六十一條??集體所有的土地作為建設(shè)用地的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照土地管理的法律規(guī)定辦理。
Chapter XIII Right to Use a House Site
第十三章??宅基地使用權(quán)
Article 362 A person who has the right to use a house site is entitled to possess and use the lot of land owned by the collective, and to utilize such lot of land to build a dwelling and auxiliary facilities in accordance with law.
第三百六十二條??宅基地使用權(quán)人依法對(duì)集體所有的土地享有占有和使用的權(quán)利，有權(quán)依法利用該土地建造住宅及其附屬設(shè)施。
Article 363 The acquisition, exercise, and transfer of the right to use a house site are governed by the laws on land administration and the relevant regulations of the State.
第三百六十三條??宅基地使用權(quán)的取得、行使和轉(zhuǎn)讓，適用土地管理的法律和國(guó)家有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Article 364 Where a house site is destroyed due to natural disasters or for other reasons, the right to use the house site is extinguished. A new house site shall be allocated in accordance with law to the villagers who have lost their house site.
第三百六十四條??宅基地因自然災(zāi)害等原因滅失的，宅基地使用權(quán)消滅。對(duì)失去宅基地的村民，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法重新分配宅基地。
Article 365 Where a registered right to use a house site is transferred or extinguished, registration of the change or deregistration of the right shall be made in a timely manner.
第三百六十五條??已經(jīng)登記的宅基地使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓或者消滅的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)辦理變更登記或者注銷登記。
Chapter XIV Right of Habitation
第十四章??居?住?權(quán)
Article 366 A person with a right of habitation is entitled to the right to usufruct of possessing and using another person’s dwelling as agreed in the contract, so as to meet his needs of habitation.
第三百六十六條??居住權(quán)人有權(quán)按照合同約定，對(duì)他人的住宅享有占有、使用的用益物權(quán)，以滿足生活居住的需要。
Article 367 To create a right of habitation, the parties shall enter into a contract on such a right in writing.
第三百六十七條??設(shè)立居住權(quán)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式訂立居住權(quán)合同。
A contract on a right of habitation generally contains the following clauses:
居住權(quán)合同一般包括下列條款：
(1) the name and address of each party;
（一）當(dāng)事人的姓名或者名稱和住所；
(2) the location of the dwelling;
（二）住宅的位置；
(3) the conditions and requirements for the habitation;
（三）居住的條件和要求；
(4) the duration of the right of habitation; and
（四）居住權(quán)期限；
(5) the means of dispute resolution.
（五）解決爭(zhēng)議的方法。
Article 368 A right of habitation shall be created free of charge, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. To create a right of habitation, an application for the registration of the right shall be filed with the registration authority. The right of habitation is created upon registration.
第三百六十八條??居住權(quán)無(wú)償設(shè)立，但是當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外。設(shè)立居住權(quán)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)居住權(quán)登記。居住權(quán)自登記時(shí)設(shè)立。
Article 369 A right of habitation may not be transferred or inherited. The dwelling in which a right of habitation is created may not be let on lease, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第三百六十九條??居住權(quán)不得轉(zhuǎn)讓、繼承。設(shè)立居住權(quán)的住宅不得出租，但是當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外。
Article 370 A right of habitation is extinguished if the term of the right expires, or if the person entitled to the right deceases. Where a right of habitation is extinguished, deregistration of the right shall be made in a timely manner.
第三百七十條??居住權(quán)期限屆滿或者居住權(quán)人死亡的，居住權(quán)消滅。居住權(quán)消滅的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)辦理注銷登記。
Article 371 Where a right of habitation is created by will, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第三百七十一條??以遺囑方式設(shè)立居住權(quán)的，參照適用本章的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Chapter XV Easements
第十五章??地?役?權(quán)
Article 372 A person who has a right to easement is entitled to utilize the immovable property of another person as agreed in a contract so as to enhance the efficiency of his own immovable property.
第三百七十二條??地役權(quán)人有權(quán)按照合同約定，利用他人的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)，以提高自己的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的效益。
The immovable property of another person referred to in the preceding paragraph is the servient land, and the immovable property of the person entitled to the easement is the dominant land.
前款所稱他人的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)為供役地，自己的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)為需役地。
Article 373 To create an easement, the parties shall enter into an easement contract in writing.
第三百七十三條??設(shè)立地役權(quán)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式訂立地役權(quán)合同。
An easement contract generally contains the following clauses:
地役權(quán)合同一般包括下列條款：
(1) the name and address of each party;
（一）當(dāng)事人的姓名或者名稱和住所；
(2) the location of the servient land and the dominant land;
（二）供役地和需役地的位置；
(3) the purposes and methods of utilizing the servient land;
（三）利用目的和方法；
(4) the duration of the easement;
（四）地役權(quán)期限；
(5) the fees and the mode of payment; and
（五）費(fèi)用及其支付方式；
(6) the means of dispute resolution.
（六）解決爭(zhēng)議的方法。
Article 374 An easement is created at the time the easement contract enters into effect. Where the parties request for registration, applications may be filed with the registration authority for the registration of the easement; without registration, such an easement may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第三百七十四條??地役權(quán)自地役權(quán)合同生效時(shí)設(shè)立。當(dāng)事人要求登記的，可以向登記機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)地役權(quán)登記；未經(jīng)登記，不得對(duì)抗善意第三人。
Article 375 A right holder of the immovable property served as the servient land shall allow the person entitled to an easement to utilize the immovable property as agreed in the contract and may not interfere with the exercise of the right to easement by such person.
第三百七十五條??供役地權(quán)利人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定，允許地役權(quán)人利用其不動(dòng)產(chǎn)，不得妨害地役權(quán)人行使權(quán)利。
Article 376 A person entitled to an easement shall utilize the servient land in accordance with the purposes and methods of utilization as agreed in the contract, and minimize restrictions on the real rights of the right holder in the servient land.
第三百七十六條??地役權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，盡量減少對(duì)供役地權(quán)利人物權(quán)的限制。
Article 377 The duration of an easement shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it may not exceed the remaining term of the right to usufruct, such as the right to contractual management of land or the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes.
第三百七十七條??地役權(quán)期限由當(dāng)事人約定；但是，不得超過土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)等用益物權(quán)的剩余期限。
Article 378 Where an owner of a lot of land is entitled to or is encumbered with an easement, when a right to usufruct, such as a right to contractual management of land or a right to use a house site is created on the lot of land, the usufructuary shall continue to be entitled to or be encumbered with the easement thereon that has already been created.
第三百七十八條??土地所有權(quán)人享有地役權(quán)或者負(fù)擔(dān)地役權(quán)的，設(shè)立土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、宅基地使用權(quán)等用益物權(quán)時(shí)，該用益物權(quán)人繼續(xù)享有或者負(fù)擔(dān)已經(jīng)設(shè)立的地役權(quán)。
Article 379 Where a right to usufruct, such as a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and a right to use a house site, has already been created on a lot of land, the owner of the lot of land may not create an easement on the lot without the consent of the usufructuary.
第三百七十九條??土地上已經(jīng)設(shè)立土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)、宅基地使用權(quán)等用益物權(quán)的，未經(jīng)用益物權(quán)人同意，土地所有權(quán)人不得設(shè)立地役權(quán)。
Article 380 An easement may not be transferred separately. Where a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes and the like rights are transferred, the easement shall be transferred concomitantly, unless otherwise agreed in the contract.
第三百八十條??地役權(quán)不得單獨(dú)轉(zhuǎn)讓。土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)等轉(zhuǎn)讓的，地役權(quán)一并轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是合同另有約定的除外。
Article 381 An easement may not be mortgaged separately. Where a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights are mortgaged, the easement shall be transferred concomitantly upon enforcement of the mortgage.
第三百八十一條??地役權(quán)不得單獨(dú)抵押。土地經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)等抵押的，在實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)時(shí)，地役權(quán)一并轉(zhuǎn)讓。
Article 382 Where a right to easement is involved when the dominant land and a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights thereon are partially transferred, the transferee is simultaneously entitled to the easement.
第三百八十二條??需役地以及需役地上的土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)等部分轉(zhuǎn)讓時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)讓部分涉及地役權(quán)的，受讓人同時(shí)享有地役權(quán)。
Article 383 Where a right to easement is involved when the servient land and a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights thereon are partially transferred, the easement is legally binding on the transferee.
第三百八十三條??供役地以及供役地上的土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)等部分轉(zhuǎn)讓時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)讓部分涉及地役權(quán)的，地役權(quán)對(duì)受讓人具有法律約束力。
Article 384 Where a person entitled to an easement is under any of the following circumstances, the person who has the right to the servient land is entitled to rescind the easement contract to extinguish the easement:
第三百八十四條??地役權(quán)人有下列情形之一的，供役地權(quán)利人有權(quán)解除地役權(quán)合同，地役權(quán)消滅：
(1) abusing the right to easement in violation of the provisions of laws or the contract; or
（一）違反法律規(guī)定或者合同約定，濫用地役權(quán)；
(2) in case of paid use of the servient land, failing to pay the relevant fees despite of receipt of two warning notices within a reasonable period of time after the payment is due according to the agreement.
（二）有償利用供役地，約定的付款期限屆滿后在合理期限內(nèi)經(jīng)兩次催告未支付費(fèi)用。
Article 385 Where a registered easement is altered, transferred, or extinguished, the registration of the change or deregistration shall be made in a timely manner.
第三百八十五條??已經(jīng)登記的地役權(quán)變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓或者消滅的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)辦理變更登記或者注銷登記。
Part Four Security Interests
第四分編??擔(dān)保物權(quán)
Chapter XVI General Rules
第十六章??一般規(guī)定
Article 386 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligations due, or any event upon which an security interest is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the person entitled to the security interest has priority to be paid from the collateral in accordance with law, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百八十六條??擔(dān)保物權(quán)人在債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)擔(dān)保物權(quán)的情形，依法享有就擔(dān)保財(cái)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償?shù)臋?quán)利，但是法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
Article 387 Where a creditor needs to secure his claims in a civil activity such as lending, buying and selling, and the like, he may create a security interest in accordance with the provisions of this Code and other laws.
第三百八十七條??債權(quán)人在借貸、買賣等民事活動(dòng)中，為保障實(shí)現(xiàn)其債權(quán)，需要擔(dān)保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的規(guī)定設(shè)立擔(dān)保物權(quán)。
Where a third person provides security to the creditor for the debtor, the debtor may be requested to provide a counter-security. Counter-security shall be governed by the provisions of this Code and other laws.
第三人為債務(wù)人向債權(quán)人提供擔(dān)保的，可以要求債務(wù)人提供反擔(dān)保。反擔(dān)保適用本法和其他法律的規(guī)定。
Article 388 To create a security interest, a security contract shall be entered into in accordance with the provisions of this Code and other laws. Security contracts include mortgage contracts, pledge contracts, and other contracts with a function of security. A security contract is a contract secondary to the principal contract with the principal claims and obligations. Where the principal contract is void, the security contract is also void, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百八十八條??設(shè)立擔(dān)保物權(quán)，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照本法和其他法律的規(guī)定訂立擔(dān)保合同。擔(dān)保合同包括抵押合同、質(zhì)押合同和其他具有擔(dān)保功能的合同。擔(dān)保合同是主債權(quán)債務(wù)合同的從合同。主債權(quán)債務(wù)合同無(wú)效的，擔(dān)保合同無(wú)效，但是法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
Where a security contract is determined to be void, if the debtor, the security provider, and the creditor are at fault, they shall each bear civil liability in proportion to their fault.
擔(dān)保合同被確認(rèn)無(wú)效后，債務(wù)人、擔(dān)保人、債權(quán)人有過錯(cuò)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)其過錯(cuò)各自承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的民事責(zé)任。
Article 389 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the scope covered by a security interest includes the principal claim and its interests based on the principal contract, liquidated damages, compensatory damages, and the expenses arising from safekeeping the collateral and enforcing the security interests.
第三百八十九條??擔(dān)保物權(quán)的擔(dān)保范圍包括主債權(quán)及其利息、違約金、損害賠償金、保管擔(dān)保財(cái)產(chǎn)和實(shí)現(xiàn)擔(dān)保物權(quán)的費(fèi)用。當(dāng)事人另有約定的，按照其約定。
Article 390 Where a collateral is destructed, damaged, or lost, or is expropriated during the secured period, the person entitled to a security interest has priority to be paid from the insurance payment, compensation, or indemnity received on the collateral. Where the collateral is destructed, damaged, or lost, or is expropriated prior to the due date of performance of the secured claim, the insurance payment, compensation, or indemnity may also be placed in escrow.
第三百九十條??擔(dān)保期間，擔(dān)保財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損、滅失或者被征收等，擔(dān)保物權(quán)人可以就獲得的保險(xiǎn)金、賠償金或者補(bǔ)償金等優(yōu)先受償。被擔(dān)保債權(quán)的履行期限未屆滿的，也可以提存該保險(xiǎn)金、賠償金或者補(bǔ)償金等。
Article 391 Where a third person provides security and the creditor allows the debtor to transfer all or part of the secured obligations without the third person’s written consent, the security provider is no longer liable for securing the part of the obligations so transferred.
第三百九十一條??第三人提供擔(dān)保，未經(jīng)其書面同意，債權(quán)人允許債務(wù)人轉(zhuǎn)移全部或者部分債務(wù)的，擔(dān)保人不再承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的擔(dān)保責(zé)任。
Article 392 Where a claim is secured by both a collateral and a surety, and the debtor fails to perform his obligations due or any event upon which a security interest is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the creditor shall enforce the claim in accordance with the agreement. Where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, if the collateral is provided by the debtor, the creditor shall first enforce the claim against the collateral, and if the collateral is provided by a third person, the creditor may elect to enforce the claim against the collateral or request the surety to assume liability. After the third person who provides security has assumed such liability, he has the right of indemnification against the debtor.
第三百九十二條??被擔(dān)保的債權(quán)既有物的擔(dān)保又有人的擔(dān)保的，債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)擔(dān)保物權(quán)的情形，債權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定實(shí)現(xiàn)債權(quán)；沒有約定或者約定不明確，債務(wù)人自己提供物的擔(dān)保的，債權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)先就該物的擔(dān)保實(shí)現(xiàn)債權(quán)；第三人提供物的擔(dān)保的，債權(quán)人可以就物的擔(dān)保實(shí)現(xiàn)債權(quán)，也可以請(qǐng)求保證人承擔(dān)保證責(zé)任。提供擔(dān)保的第三人承擔(dān)擔(dān)保責(zé)任后，有權(quán)向債務(wù)人追償。
Article 393 A security interest is extinguished under any of the following circumstances:
第三百九十三條??有下列情形之一的，擔(dān)保物權(quán)消滅：
(1) the claim under the principal contract is extinguished;
（一）主債權(quán)消滅；
(2) the security interest is enforced;
（二）擔(dān)保物權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)；
(3) the creditor waives his security interest; or
（三）債權(quán)人放棄擔(dān)保物權(quán)；
(4) there exists any other circumstance in which security interest is extinguished as provided by law.
（四）法律規(guī)定擔(dān)保物權(quán)消滅的其他情形。
Chapter XVII Mortgage
第十七章??抵?押?權(quán)
Section 1 General Mortgage
第一節(jié)??一般抵押權(quán)
Article 394 Where a debtor or a third person, in order to secure the performance of an obligation, mortgages his property to the creditor without relinquishing the possession of the property, the creditor has priority to be paid from the collateral if the debtor fails to perform his obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the security interest in the collateral is to be enforced as agreed by the parties occurs.
第三百九十四條??為擔(dān)保債務(wù)的履行，債務(wù)人或者第三人不轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)產(chǎn)的占有，將該財(cái)產(chǎn)抵押給債權(quán)人的，債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形，債權(quán)人有權(quán)就該財(cái)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
The debtor or the third person as specified in the preceding paragraph is the mortgagor, the creditor is the mortgagee, and the collateral mortgaged to secure the claim is the mortgaged property.
前款規(guī)定的債務(wù)人或者第三人為抵押人，債權(quán)人為抵押權(quán)人，提供擔(dān)保的財(cái)產(chǎn)為抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Article 395 The following property, which the debtor or a third person is entitled to dispose of, may be mortgaged:
第三百九十五條??債務(wù)人或者第三人有權(quán)處分的下列財(cái)產(chǎn)可以抵押：
(1) buildings and other things attached to the land;
（一）建筑物和其他土地附著物；
(2) the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes;
（二）建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)；
(3) the right to use the sea areas;
（三）海域使用權(quán)；
(4) production equipment, raw materials, work in process, and finished products;
（四）生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、原材料、半成品、產(chǎn)品；
(5) buildings, vessels, and aircraft under construction;
（五）正在建造的建筑物、船舶、航空器；
(6) vehicles for transport; and
（六）交通運(yùn)輸工具；
(7) other property not prohibited by laws or administrative regulations from being mortgaged.
（七）法律、行政法規(guī)未禁止抵押的其他財(cái)產(chǎn)。
A mortgagor may mortgage the property listed in the preceding paragraph concurrently.
抵押人可以將前款所列財(cái)產(chǎn)一并抵押。
Article 396 An enterprise, an individual-run industrial and commercial household, or an agricultural production operator may mortgage their production equipment, raw materials, work in process, and finished products that they currently own or thereafter acquired, and if the debtor fails to perform his obligations due or any event upon which a security interest in the mortgaged property is to be enforced as agreed by the parties occurs, the creditor has priority to be paid from the movable property determined at the time when the mortgaged property is ascertained.
第三百九十六條??企業(yè)、個(gè)體工商戶、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)者可以將現(xiàn)有的以及將有的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、原材料、半成品、產(chǎn)品抵押，債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形，債權(quán)人有權(quán)就抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)確定時(shí)的動(dòng)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
Article 397 Where a building is mortgaged, the right to use the lot of land in the area occupied by the building for construction purposes shall be mortgaged concomitantly. Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is mortgaged, any building on the lot of land shall be mortgaged concomitantly.
第三百九十七條??以建筑物抵押的，該建筑物占用范圍內(nèi)的建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)一并抵押。以建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)抵押的，該土地上的建筑物一并抵押。
Where a mortgagor fails to concomitantly mortgage the property as provided in the preceding paragraph, the unmortgaged property in question shall be deemed to be concomitantly mortgaged.
抵押人未依據(jù)前款規(guī)定一并抵押的，未抵押的財(cái)產(chǎn)視為一并抵押。
Article 398 A right to use a lot of land for construction purposes of a township or village enterprise may not be mortgaged separately. Where a factory premise or any other building of a township or village enterprise is mortgaged, the right to use the lot of land in the area occupied by the building for construction purposes shall be concomitantly mortgaged.
第三百九十八條??鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、村企業(yè)的建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)不得單獨(dú)抵押。以鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、村企業(yè)的廠房等建筑物抵押的，其占用范圍內(nèi)的建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)一并抵押。
Article 399 The following property may not be mortgaged:
第三百九十九條??下列財(cái)產(chǎn)不得抵押：
(1) land ownership;
（一）土地所有權(quán)；
(2) the right to use the land owned by a collective, such as house sites, land and hills retained for household use, unless it may be mortgaged as provided by law;
（二）宅基地、自留地、自留山等集體所有土地的使用權(quán)，但是法律規(guī)定可以抵押的除外；
(3) educational facilities, medical and health facilities, and other public welfare facilities of non-profit legal persons established for public welfare purposes, such as schools, kindergartens, and medical institutions;
（三）學(xué)校、幼兒園、醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)等為公益目的成立的非營(yíng)利法人的教育設(shè)施、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生設(shè)施和其他公益設(shè)施；
(4) property of which the ownership or right to the use is unclear or disputed;
（四）所有權(quán)、使用權(quán)不明或者有爭(zhēng)議的財(cái)產(chǎn)；
(5) property that has been seized, detained, or placed under custody in accordance with law; and
（五）依法被查封、扣押、監(jiān)管的財(cái)產(chǎn)；
(6) other property that may not be mortgaged as provided by laws or administrative regulations.
（六）法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定不得抵押的其他財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Article 400 To create a mortgage, the parties shall enter into a mortgage contract in writing.
第四百條??設(shè)立抵押權(quán)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式訂立抵押合同。
A mortgage contract generally contains the following terms:
抵押合同一般包括下列條款：
(1) the type and amount of the secured claim;
（一）被擔(dān)保債權(quán)的種類和數(shù)額；
(2) the term during which the debtor shall perform obligations;
（二）債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)的期限；
(3) such particulars as the name and quantity of the mortgaged property; and
（三）抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的名稱、數(shù)量等情況；
(4) the scope of the security interest covered.
（四）擔(dān)保的范圍。
Article 401 Where, prior to the due date of performance of an obligation, the mortgagee reaches an agreement with the mortgagor under which the mortgaged property belongs to the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to perform the obligation due, the mortgagee, regardless, may only have priority to be paid from the mortgaged property in accordance with law.
第四百零一條??抵押權(quán)人在債務(wù)履行期限屆滿前，與抵押人約定債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)時(shí)抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)歸債權(quán)人所有的，只能依法就抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
Article 402 To create a mortgage on the property as specified in Subparagraphs (1) through (3) of the first paragraph of Article 395, or on the building under construction as specified in Subparagraph (5) of the first paragraph of this Code, registration shall be made for the mortgage. The mortgage shall be created upon registration.
第四百零二條??以本法第三百九十五條第一款第一項(xiàng)至第三項(xiàng)規(guī)定的財(cái)產(chǎn)或者第五項(xiàng)規(guī)定的正在建造的建筑物抵押的，應(yīng)當(dāng)辦理抵押登記。抵押權(quán)自登記時(shí)設(shè)立。
Article 403 A mortgage on movable property shall be created at the time when the mortgage contract enters into effect; without registration, such a mortgage may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第四百零三條??以動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押的，抵押權(quán)自抵押合同生效時(shí)設(shè)立；未經(jīng)登記，不得對(duì)抗善意第三人。
Article 404 A mortgage on movable property may not be asserted against a buyer who has paid a reasonable purchase price and acquired the mortgaged property in the ordinary course of business.
第四百零四條??以動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押的，不得對(duì)抗正常經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中已經(jīng)支付合理價(jià)款并取得抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的買受人。
Article 405 Where a mortgaged property has been let to and possessed by another person prior to creation of the mortgage, the lease relationship shall not be affected by the mortgage.
第四百零五條??抵押權(quán)設(shè)立前，抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)已經(jīng)出租并轉(zhuǎn)移占有的，原租賃關(guān)系不受該抵押權(quán)的影響。
Article 406 A mortgagor may transfer the mortgaged property to another person during the term of the mortgage unless otherwise agreed by the parties. The transfer of the mortgaged property shall not affect the mortgage.
第四百零六條??抵押期間，抵押人可以轉(zhuǎn)讓抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)。當(dāng)事人另有約定的，按照其約定。抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓的，抵押權(quán)不受影響。
A mortgagor who transfers the mortgaged property to another person shall notify the mortgagee in a timely manner. The mortgagee may request the mortgagor to apply the proceeds of the transfer to pay off the obligation before it is due, or place such proceeds in escrow where he may establish that the transfer of the mortgaged property may impair his right to the mortgage. The portion of the proceeds obtained from the transfer in excess of the amount of the obligation owed shall belong to the mortgagor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
抵押人轉(zhuǎn)讓抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)通知抵押權(quán)人。抵押權(quán)人能夠證明抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓可能損害抵押權(quán)的，可以請(qǐng)求抵押人將轉(zhuǎn)讓所得的價(jià)款向抵押權(quán)人提前清償債務(wù)或者提存。轉(zhuǎn)讓的價(jià)款超過債權(quán)數(shù)額的部分歸抵押人所有，不足部分由債務(wù)人清償。
Article 407 A mortgage may not be transferred separately from the underlying claim or be used as security for another claim. Where a claim is transferred, the mortgage securing the claim shall be transferred concomitantly with it, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第四百零七條??抵押權(quán)不得與債權(quán)分離而單獨(dú)轉(zhuǎn)讓或者作為其他債權(quán)的擔(dān)保。債權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓的，擔(dān)保該債權(quán)的抵押權(quán)一并轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是法律另有規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外。
Article 408 Where an act of a mortgagor suffices to reduce the value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee is entitled to request the mortgagor to refrain from performing such an act. Where the value of the mortgaged property is reduced, the mortgagee is entitled to request the mortgagor to restore its value or provide additional security to the extent of the reduced value. Where the mortgagor neither restores the original value of the mortgaged property, nor provides additional security therefor, the mortgagee is entitled to request the debtor to pay off the debt before it is due.
第四百零八條??抵押人的行為足以使抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值減少的，抵押權(quán)人有權(quán)請(qǐng)求抵押人停止其行為；抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值減少的，抵押權(quán)人有權(quán)請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)值，或者提供與減少的價(jià)值相應(yīng)的擔(dān)保。抵押人不恢復(fù)抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)值，也不提供擔(dān)保的，抵押權(quán)人有權(quán)請(qǐng)求債務(wù)人提前清償債務(wù)。
Article 409 A mortgagee may waive his right to the mortgage, or waive his priority order in the line of the mortgagees. A mortgagee and the mortgagor may reach an agreement to change such things as the mortgagee’s priority order in the line of the mortgagees and the amount of the secured claim, provided that any change to the mortgage may not adversely affect the other mortgagees without their written consent.
第四百零九條??抵押權(quán)人可以放棄抵押權(quán)或者抵押權(quán)的順位。抵押權(quán)人與抵押人可以協(xié)議變更抵押權(quán)順位以及被擔(dān)保的債權(quán)數(shù)額等內(nèi)容。但是，抵押權(quán)的變更未經(jīng)其他抵押權(quán)人書面同意的，不得對(duì)其他抵押權(quán)人產(chǎn)生不利影響。
Where a debtor creates a mortgage on his own property, and the mortgagee waives his right to the mortgage and his priority order in the line of mortgagees, or changes the mortgage, the other security providers shall be exempted from the security liability to the extent of the rights and interests of the mortgagee that are forfeited owing to the waiver of his priority to be paid from the mortgaged property, unless the other security providers are committed to still provide security.
債務(wù)人以自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)設(shè)定抵押，抵押權(quán)人放棄該抵押權(quán)、抵押權(quán)順位或者變更抵押權(quán)的，其他擔(dān)保人在抵押權(quán)人喪失優(yōu)先受償權(quán)益的范圍內(nèi)免除擔(dān)保責(zé)任，但是其他擔(dān)保人承諾仍然提供擔(dān)保的除外。
Article 410 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligation due or an event upon which a mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the mortgagee may, upon agreement with the mortgagor, have the priority right to appraise and accept the mortgaged property, or apply the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the mortgaged property to satisfy his claim against the mortgagor. Where the agreement is detrimental to the interests of other creditors, the other creditors may request the people’s court to rescind the agreement.
第四百一十條??債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形，抵押權(quán)人可以與抵押人協(xié)議以抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者以拍賣、變賣該抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)所得的價(jià)款優(yōu)先受償。協(xié)議損害其他債權(quán)人利益的，其他債權(quán)人可以請(qǐng)求人民法院撤銷該協(xié)議。
Where a mortgagee and a mortgagor fail to reach an agreement on the methods of enforcing the mortgage, the mortgagee may request the people’s court to have the mortgaged property sold at auction or in a sale.
抵押權(quán)人與抵押人未就抵押權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)方式達(dá)成協(xié)議的，抵押權(quán)人可以請(qǐng)求人民法院拍賣、變賣抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)。
The appraisal or sale of the mortgaged property shall be based on the market price thereof.
抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者變賣的，應(yīng)當(dāng)參照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。
Article 411 Where a mortgage is created in accordance with the provisions of Article 396 of this Code, the mortgaged property shall be ascertained at the time when one of the following circumstances occurs:
第四百一十一條??依據(jù)本法第三百九十六條規(guī)定設(shè)定抵押的，抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)自下列情形之一發(fā)生時(shí)確定：
(1) the claim is not satisfied upon expiration of the term of performance of the obligation;
（一）債務(wù)履行期限屆滿，債權(quán)未實(shí)現(xiàn)；
(2) the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or dissolved;
（二）抵押人被宣告破產(chǎn)或者解散；
(3) an event upon which the mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs; or
（三）當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形；
(4) any other circumstance that seriously affects the enforcement of the claim.
（四）嚴(yán)重影響債權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的其他情形。
Article 412 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, resulting in the seizure of the mortgaged property by the people’s court in accordance with law, the mortgagee is entitled to collect the natural fruits or legal proceeds accrued from the mortgaged property as of the date of the seizure, unless the mortgagee fails to notify the person who is obligated to pay off the legal proceeds.
第四百一十二條??債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形，致使抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起，抵押權(quán)人有權(quán)收取該抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但是抵押權(quán)人未通知應(yīng)當(dāng)清償法定孳息義務(wù)人的除外。
The fruits or proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses of collecting them.
前款規(guī)定的孳息應(yīng)當(dāng)先充抵收取孳息的費(fèi)用。
Article 413 Where the appraised value of a mortgaged property or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of it is in excess of the amount of the obligation owed, the excessive portion shall belong to the mortgagor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
第四百一十三條??抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者拍賣、變賣后，其價(jià)款超過債權(quán)數(shù)額的部分歸抵押人所有，不足部分由債務(wù)人清償。
Article 414 Where a property is mortgaged to two or more creditors, the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the mortgaged property shall be applied in accordance with the following provisions:
第四百一十四條??同一財(cái)產(chǎn)向兩個(gè)以上債權(quán)人抵押的，拍賣、變賣抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)所得的價(jià)款依照下列規(guī)定清償：
(1) where the mortgages have all been registered, the order of payment is based on the priority in time of registration;
（一）抵押權(quán)已經(jīng)登記的，按照登記的時(shí)間先后確定清償順序；
(2) a registered mortgage has priority over an unregistered mortgage to be paid; and
（二）抵押權(quán)已經(jīng)登記的先于未登記的受償；
(3) where none of the mortgages are registered, payment shall be made on a pro rata basis against the claims.
（三）抵押權(quán)未登記的，按照債權(quán)比例清償。
The preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis with regard to the priority order of payment for other security interests that are registrable.
其他可以登記的擔(dān)保物權(quán)，清償順序參照適用前款規(guī)定。
Article 415 Where both a mortgage and a pledge are created on the same property, the priority order of payment with the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the property shall be based on the priority in time of registration and delivery of the property.
第四百一十五條??同一財(cái)產(chǎn)既設(shè)立抵押權(quán)又設(shè)立質(zhì)權(quán)的，拍賣、變賣該財(cái)產(chǎn)所得的價(jià)款按照登記、交付的時(shí)間先后確定清償順序。
Article 416 Where a principal claim secured by a mortgage on movable property is the purchase price of the mortgaged property, and registration for the mortgage is made within 10 days after delivery of the property, the mortgagee has the priority to be paid over the other persons, other than a lienholder, who have security interests thereon in relation to the purchaser of the mortgaged property.
第四百一十六條??動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押擔(dān)保的主債權(quán)是抵押物的價(jià)款，標(biāo)的物交付后十日內(nèi)辦理抵押登記的，該抵押權(quán)人優(yōu)先于抵押物買受人的其他擔(dān)保物權(quán)人受償，但是留置權(quán)人除外。
Article 417 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is mortgaged, any newly added buildings on the lot of land are not part of the mortgaged property. Upon enforcement of the mortgage on the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes, the newly added buildings on such land shall be disposed of concomitantly with the right to use such land for construction purposes, provided that the mortgagee has no priority to be paid from the proceeds obtained from disposition of the newly added buildings.
第四百一十七條??建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)抵押后，該土地上新增的建筑物不屬于抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)。該建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)將該土地上新增的建筑物與建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)一并處分。但是，新增建筑物所得的價(jià)款，抵押權(quán)人無(wú)權(quán)優(yōu)先受償。
Article 418 Where a right to use a lot of land owned by a collective is mortgaged in accordance with law, the nature of the ownership and the purpose of use of the land may not be altered without going through statutory procedures after the mortgage is enforced.
第四百一十八條??以集體所有土地的使用權(quán)依法抵押的，實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)后，未經(jīng)法定程序，不得改變土地所有權(quán)的性質(zhì)和土地用途。
Article 419 A mortgagee shall exercise his right to mortgage within the limitation period for claiming against the principal obligation; otherwise no protection may be provided by the people’s court.
第四百一十九條??抵押權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)在主債權(quán)訴訟時(shí)效期間行使抵押權(quán)；未行使的，人民法院不予保護(hù)。
Section 2 Maximum Mortgage for Floating Claims
第二節(jié)??最高額抵押權(quán)
Article 420 Where a debtor or a third person provides a collateral for future claims that will arise consecutively within a certain period of time to secure performance of the obligations, if the debtor fails to perform an obligation due or an event upon which such a mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the mortgagee has the priority to be paid from the mortgaged property up to the maximum amount of his claim.
第四百二十條??為擔(dān)保債務(wù)的履行，債務(wù)人或者第三人對(duì)一定期間內(nèi)將要連續(xù)發(fā)生的債權(quán)提供擔(dān)保財(cái)產(chǎn)的，債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形，抵押權(quán)人有權(quán)在最高債權(quán)額限度內(nèi)就該擔(dān)保財(cái)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
A claim that exists prior to the creation of the maximum mortgage for floating claims may, upon consent of the parties, be included in the claims secured by such a mortgage.
最高額抵押權(quán)設(shè)立前已經(jīng)存在的債權(quán)，經(jīng)當(dāng)事人同意，可以轉(zhuǎn)入最高額抵押擔(dān)保的債權(quán)范圍。
Article 421 Before the claims secured by the maximum mortgage for floating claims are ascertained, where part of the claims is transferred, the mortgage may not be transferred unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第四百二十一條??最高額抵押擔(dān)保的債權(quán)確定前，部分債權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓的，最高額抵押權(quán)不得轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外。
Article 422 Before the claims secured by a maximum mortgage for floating claims are ascertained, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may change by agreement the period of time for the ascertainment of the claims, the scope of the claims, and the maximum amount of the claims, provided that such changes may not adversely affect other mortgagees.
第四百二十二條??最高額抵押擔(dān)保的債權(quán)確定前，抵押權(quán)人與抵押人可以通過協(xié)議變更債權(quán)確定的期間、債權(quán)范圍以及最高債權(quán)額。但是，變更的內(nèi)容不得對(duì)其他抵押權(quán)人產(chǎn)生不利影響。
Article 423 The claims of the mortgagee are ascertained under one of the following circumstances:
第四百二十三條??有下列情形之一的，抵押權(quán)人的債權(quán)確定：
(1) where the agreed period of time for the claims to be ascertained expires;
（一）約定的債權(quán)確定期間屆滿；
(2) where there is no agreement on the period of time for the claims to be ascertained or the agreement is unclear , and the mortgagee or the mortgagor requests for ascertainment of the claims after the lapse of two years from the date of the creation of the mortgage;
（二）沒有約定債權(quán)確定期間或者約定不明確，抵押權(quán)人或者抵押人自最高額抵押權(quán)設(shè)立之日起滿二年后請(qǐng)求確定債權(quán)；
(3) where it is impossible for a new claim to arise;
（三）新的債權(quán)不可能發(fā)生；
(4) where the mortgagee knows or should have known that the mortgaged property has been seized or detained;
（四）抵押權(quán)人知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)被查封、扣押；
(5) where the debtor or the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or dissolved; or
（五）債務(wù)人、抵押人被宣告破產(chǎn)或者解散；
(6) any other circumstance under which the claims are to be ascertained as provided by law.
（六）法律規(guī)定債權(quán)確定的其他情形。
Article 424 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall be applied to the maximum mortgage for floating claims.
第四百二十四條??最高額抵押權(quán)除適用本節(jié)規(guī)定外，適用本章第一節(jié)的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Chapter XVIII Pledge
第十八章??質(zhì)權(quán)
Section 1 Pledge in Movable Property
第一節(jié)??動(dòng)產(chǎn)質(zhì)權(quán)
Article 425 Where a debtor or a third person pledges his movable property to the creditor for possession in order to secure the performance of an obligation, if the debtor fails to perform the obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the pledge is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the creditor has priority to be paid from the movable property.
第四百二十五條??為擔(dān)保債務(wù)的履行，債務(wù)人或者第三人將其動(dòng)產(chǎn)出質(zhì)給債權(quán)人占有的，債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)權(quán)的情形，債權(quán)人有權(quán)就該動(dòng)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
The debtor or third person as specified in the preceding paragraph is the pledgor, the creditor is the pledgee, and the movable property delivered is the pledged property .
前款規(guī)定的債務(wù)人或者第三人為出質(zhì)人，債權(quán)人為質(zhì)權(quán)人，交付的動(dòng)產(chǎn)為質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Article 426 Movable property may not be pledged where its transfer is prohibited by laws or administrative regulations.
第四百二十六條??法律、行政法規(guī)禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓的動(dòng)產(chǎn)不得出質(zhì)。
Article 427 To create a pledge, the parties shall enter into a pledge contract in writing.
第四百二十七條??設(shè)立質(zhì)權(quán)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式訂立質(zhì)押合同。
A pledge contract generally contains the following clauses:
質(zhì)押合同一般包括下列條款：
(1) the type and amount of the secured claim;
（一）被擔(dān)保債權(quán)的種類和數(shù)額；
(2) the term for the debtor to perform the obligation;
（二）債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)的期限；
(3) such particulars as the name and quantity of the pledged property;
（三）質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)的名稱、數(shù)量等情況；
(4) the scope of the security covered; and
（四）擔(dān)保的范圍；
(5) the time for and the mode of the delivery of the pledged property.
（五）質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)交付的時(shí)間、方式。
Article 428 Where, prior to the due date of performance of an obligation, the pledgee reaches an agreement with the pledgor under which the pledged property belongs to the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to perform the obligation due, the pledgee, regardless, may only have priority to be paid from the pledged property in accordance with law.
第四百二十八條??質(zhì)權(quán)人在債務(wù)履行期限屆滿前，與出質(zhì)人約定債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)時(shí)質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)歸債權(quán)人所有的，只能依法就質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
Article 429 A pledge is created upon delivery of the pledged property by the pledgor.
第四百二十九條??質(zhì)權(quán)自出質(zhì)人交付質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)時(shí)設(shè)立。
Article 430 A pledgee has the right to collect the fruits and proceeds accrued from the pledged property unless otherwise agreed in the contract.
第四百三十條??質(zhì)權(quán)人有權(quán)收取質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)的孳息，但是合同另有約定的除外。
The fruits and proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses of collection of them.
前款規(guī)定的孳息應(yīng)當(dāng)先充抵收取孳息的費(fèi)用。
Article 431 A pledgee who, during the effective period of the pledge, uses or disposes of the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor and thus causes damage to the latter shall be liable for compensation.
第四百三十一條??質(zhì)權(quán)人在質(zhì)權(quán)存續(xù)期間，未經(jīng)出質(zhì)人同意，擅自使用、處分質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)，造成出質(zhì)人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 432 A pledgee is obligated to well keep the pledged property, and shall be liable for compensation where the pledged property is destructed, damaged, or lost due to his improper custody.
第四百三十二條??質(zhì)權(quán)人負(fù)有妥善保管質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)的義務(wù)；因保管不善致使質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損、滅失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Where the pledgee’s act is likely to cause the pledged property to be destructed, damaged, or lost, the pledgor may request the pledgee to place the pledged property in escrow, or request the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due and return the pledged property.
質(zhì)權(quán)人的行為可能使質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損、滅失的，出質(zhì)人可以請(qǐng)求質(zhì)權(quán)人將質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)提存，或者請(qǐng)求提前清償債務(wù)并返還質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Article 433 Where, due to a cause the pledgee is not responsible for, the pledged property is likely to be damaged or significantly diminished in value which suffices to jeopardize the pledgee’s rights, the pledgee has the right to request the pledgor to provide additional security; where the pledgor fails to do so, the pledgee may have the pledged property sold at auction or in a sale and may, by agreement with the pledgor, apply the proceeds obtained from the auction or sale to discharge the obligation before it is due or place such proceeds in escrow.
第四百三十三條??因不可歸責(zé)于質(zhì)權(quán)人的事由可能使質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損或者價(jià)值明顯減少，足以危害質(zhì)權(quán)人權(quán)利的，質(zhì)權(quán)人有權(quán)請(qǐng)求出質(zhì)人提供相應(yīng)的擔(dān)保；出質(zhì)人不提供的，質(zhì)權(quán)人可以拍賣、變賣質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)，并與出質(zhì)人協(xié)議將拍賣、變賣所得的價(jià)款提前清償債務(wù)或者提存。
Article 434 A pledgee shall be liable for compensation where he, during the effective period of the pledge, repledges the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor to a third person and thus causes destruction, damage, or loss to the pledged property.
第四百三十四條??質(zhì)權(quán)人在質(zhì)權(quán)存續(xù)期間，未經(jīng)出質(zhì)人同意轉(zhuǎn)質(zhì)，造成質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損、滅失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 435 A pledgee may waive his right to the pledge. Where a debtor creates a pledge on his own property and the pledgee waives his right to the pledge, the other security providers shall be exempted from the security liability to the extent of the rights and interests of the pledgee that are forfeited owing to the waiver of his priority to be paid from the collateral, unless the other security providers are committed to still provide security.
第四百三十五條??質(zhì)權(quán)人可以放棄質(zhì)權(quán)。債務(wù)人以自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)出質(zhì)，質(zhì)權(quán)人放棄該質(zhì)權(quán)的，其他擔(dān)保人在質(zhì)權(quán)人喪失優(yōu)先受償權(quán)益的范圍內(nèi)免除擔(dān)保責(zé)任，但是其他擔(dān)保人承諾仍然提供擔(dān)保的除外。
Article 436 A pledgee shall return the pledged property after the debtor has performed his obligation or the pledgor has paid the secured claim before it is due.
第四百三十六條??債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)或者出質(zhì)人提前清償所擔(dān)保的債權(quán)的，質(zhì)權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)返還質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Where a debtor fails to perform an obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the pledge is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the pledgee may, by agreement with the pledgor, appraise and accept the pledged property as satisfaction of his claim, or have priority to be paid from the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the pledged property.
債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)權(quán)的情形，質(zhì)權(quán)人可以與出質(zhì)人協(xié)議以質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)，也可以就拍賣、變賣質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)所得的價(jià)款優(yōu)先受償。
The appraisal or sale of the pledged property shall be based on the market price.
質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者變賣的，應(yīng)當(dāng)參照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。
Article 437 A pledgor may request the pledgee to enforce the pledge in a timely manner after expiration of the period for the performance of the obligation; where the pledgee fails to do so, the pledgor may request the people’s court to have the pledged property sold at auction or in a sale.
第四百三十七條??出質(zhì)人可以請(qǐng)求質(zhì)權(quán)人在債務(wù)履行期限屆滿后及時(shí)行使質(zhì)權(quán)；質(zhì)權(quán)人不行使的，出質(zhì)人可以請(qǐng)求人民法院拍賣、變賣質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Where a pledgor requests the pledgee to enforce the pledge in a timely manner, and damage is caused to the pledgor owing to the pledgee’s indolence in doing so, the pledgee shall be liable for compensation.
出質(zhì)人請(qǐng)求質(zhì)權(quán)人及時(shí)行使質(zhì)權(quán)，因質(zhì)權(quán)人怠于行使權(quán)利造成出質(zhì)人損害的，由質(zhì)權(quán)人承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 438 After a pledged property is appraised and accepted by the pledgee as full or partial satisfaction of his claim, or is sold at auction or in a sale, where the value of the pledged property as appraised or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale is in excess of the amount of the obligation owed, the excessive portion shall belong to the pledgor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
第四百三十八條??質(zhì)押財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者拍賣、變賣后，其價(jià)款超過債權(quán)數(shù)額的部分歸出質(zhì)人所有，不足部分由債務(wù)人清償。
Article 439 A pledgor and a pledgee may create a maximum pledge for floating claims upon agreement.
第四百三十九條??出質(zhì)人與質(zhì)權(quán)人可以協(xié)議設(shè)立最高額質(zhì)權(quán)。
In addition to the relevant provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 2 of Chapter 17 of this Book shall be applied mutatis mutandis to the maximum pledge for floating claims.
最高額質(zhì)權(quán)除適用本節(jié)有關(guān)規(guī)定外，參照適用本編第十七章第二節(jié)的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Section 2 Pledge on a Right
第二節(jié)??權(quán)利質(zhì)權(quán)
Article 440 The following rights, which a debtor or a third person is entitled to dispose of, may be pledged:
第四百四十條??債務(wù)人或者第三人有權(quán)處分的下列權(quán)利可以出質(zhì)：
(1) bills of exchange, promissory notes, and checks;
（一）匯票、本票、支票；
(2) bonds and certificates of deposits;
（二）債券、存款單；
(3) warehouse receipts and bills of lading;
（三）倉(cāng)單、提單；
(4) transferable fund shares and equity;
（四）可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的基金份額、股權(quán)；
(5) transferable proprietary rights consisted in intellectual property such as the right to the exclusive use of registered trademarks, patent rights, and copyrights;
（五）可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的注冊(cè)商標(biāo)專用權(quán)、專利權(quán)、著作權(quán)等知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)中的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)；
(6) existing and after-acquired accounts receivables; and
（六）現(xiàn)有的以及將有的應(yīng)收賬款；
(7) other proprietary rights that may be pledged in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.
（七）法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定可以出質(zhì)的其他財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利。
Article 441 Unless otherwise provided by law, a pledge on a bill of exchange, promissory note, check, bond, certificate of deposits, warehouse receipt, or bill of lading is created at the time when the certificate of such a right is delivered to the pledgee, or, in the absence of such a certificate, at the time when the pledge is registered.
第四百四十一條??以匯票、本票、支票、債券、存款單、倉(cāng)單、提單出質(zhì)的，質(zhì)權(quán)自權(quán)利憑證交付質(zhì)權(quán)人時(shí)設(shè)立；沒有權(quán)利憑證的，質(zhì)權(quán)自辦理出質(zhì)登記時(shí)設(shè)立。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 442 Where the maturity date for the payment or the delivery of goods against a pledged bill of exchange, promissory note, check, bond, certificate of deposits, warehouse receipt, or bill of lading precedes the due date of the principal claim, the pledgee may cash the certificate or take delivery of the goods, and, upon agreement with the pledgor, apply the purchase price or the goods accepted to discharge the obligation before it is due or place it in escrow.
第四百四十二條??匯票、本票、支票、債券、存款單、倉(cāng)單、提單的兌現(xiàn)日期或者提貨日期先于主債權(quán)到期的，質(zhì)權(quán)人可以兌現(xiàn)或者提貨，并與出質(zhì)人協(xié)議將兌現(xiàn)的價(jià)款或者提取的貨物提前清償債務(wù)或者提存。
Article 443 A pledge on fund shares or equity is created upon registration of the pledge.
第四百四十三條??以基金份額、股權(quán)出質(zhì)的，質(zhì)權(quán)自辦理出質(zhì)登記時(shí)設(shè)立。
The fund shares or equity, after being pledged, may not be transferred unless otherwise agreed by the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledgor from the transfer of the pledged fund shares or equity shall be applied to pay to the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due or be placed in escrow.
基金份額、股權(quán)出質(zhì)后，不得轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是出質(zhì)人與質(zhì)權(quán)人協(xié)商同意的除外。出質(zhì)人轉(zhuǎn)讓基金份額、股權(quán)所得的價(jià)款，應(yīng)當(dāng)向質(zhì)權(quán)人提前清償債務(wù)或者提存。
Article 444 A pledge on a proprietary right in intellectual property, such as the right to the exclusive use of a registered trademark, a patent right, or copyright, is created upon registration.
第四百四十四條??以注冊(cè)商標(biāo)專用權(quán)、專利權(quán)、著作權(quán)等知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)中的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)出質(zhì)的，質(zhì)權(quán)自辦理出質(zhì)登記時(shí)設(shè)立。
A proprietary right in intellectual property, after being pledged, may not be transferred or licensed by the pledgor to another person, unless otherwise agreed by the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledgor from the transfer or licensing of the proprietary right in the pledged intellectual property shall be applied to pay to the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due or be placed in escrow.
知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)中的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)出質(zhì)后，出質(zhì)人不得轉(zhuǎn)讓或者許可他人使用，但是出質(zhì)人與質(zhì)權(quán)人協(xié)商同意的除外。出質(zhì)人轉(zhuǎn)讓或者許可他人使用出質(zhì)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)中的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)所得的價(jià)款，應(yīng)當(dāng)向質(zhì)權(quán)人提前清償債務(wù)或者提存。
Article 445 A pledge on an account receivable is created upon registration.
第四百四十五條??以應(yīng)收賬款出質(zhì)的，質(zhì)權(quán)自辦理出質(zhì)登記時(shí)設(shè)立。
An account receivable, after being pledged, may not be transferred unless otherwise agreed by the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledgor from the transfer of the account receivable shall be applied to pay to the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due or be placed in escrow.
應(yīng)收賬款出質(zhì)后，不得轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是出質(zhì)人與質(zhì)權(quán)人協(xié)商同意的除外。出質(zhì)人轉(zhuǎn)讓應(yīng)收賬款所得的價(jià)款，應(yīng)當(dāng)向質(zhì)權(quán)人提前清償債務(wù)或者提存。
Article 446 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall be applied to the pledge on rights.
第四百四十六條??權(quán)利質(zhì)權(quán)除適用本節(jié)規(guī)定外，適用本章第一節(jié)的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
Chapter XIX Lien
第十九章??留?置?權(quán)
Article 447 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligation due, the creditor may retain the debtor’s movable property which is already in the lawful possession of the creditor and has priority to be paid from the movable property.
第四百四十七條??債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)，債權(quán)人可以留置已經(jīng)合法占有的債務(wù)人的動(dòng)產(chǎn)，并有權(quán)就該動(dòng)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償。
The creditor as specified in the preceding paragraph is the lienholder, the movable property in his possession for this purpose is the property under lien.
前款規(guī)定的債權(quán)人為留置權(quán)人，占有的動(dòng)產(chǎn)為留置財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Article 448 The movable property retained under a lien by the creditor shall be in the same legal relationship as the underlying claim, unless the lienholder and the debtor are both enterprises.
第四百四十八條??債權(quán)人留置的動(dòng)產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)與債權(quán)屬于同一法律關(guān)系，但是企業(yè)之間留置的除外。
Article 449 The movable property that may not be retained under a lien as provided by law or agreed by the parties may not be so retained.
第四百四十九條??法律規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人約定不得留置的動(dòng)產(chǎn)，不得留置。
Article 450 Where the property retained under a lien is a divisible thing, the value of the retained property shall be equivalent to the amount of the obligation.
第四百五十條??留置財(cái)產(chǎn)為可分物的，留置財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)值應(yīng)當(dāng)相當(dāng)于債務(wù)的金額。
Article 451 A lienholder is obligated to well keep the retained property and shall be liable for compensation where the retained property is destructed, damaged, or lost due to improper custody.
第四百五十一條??留置權(quán)人負(fù)有妥善保管留置財(cái)產(chǎn)的義務(wù)；因保管不善致使留置財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損、滅失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 452 A lienholder has the right to collect the fruits and proceeds accrued from the property retained under a lien.
第四百五十二條??留置權(quán)人有權(quán)收取留置財(cái)產(chǎn)的孳息。
The fruits and proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses for collecting them.
前款規(guī)定的孳息應(yīng)當(dāng)先充抵收取孳息的費(fèi)用。
Article 453 A lienholder and the debtor shall reach an agreement on the term of performance of the obligation after the property is retained under the lien; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the lienholder shall give the debtor a period of 60 or more days as the term of performance, unless the retained movable property is fresh, living, or perishable so that it is hard to keep it for long. Where a debtor defaults upon expiration of the term of performance, the lienholder may, upon agreement with the debtor, appraise and accept the retained property to fully or partially satisfy the obligation, or be paid with priority from the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the retained property.
第四百五十三條??留置權(quán)人與債務(wù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)約定留置財(cái)產(chǎn)后的債務(wù)履行期限；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，留置權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)給債務(wù)人六十日以上履行債務(wù)的期限，但是鮮活易腐等不易保管的動(dòng)產(chǎn)除外。債務(wù)人逾期未履行的，留置權(quán)人可以與債務(wù)人協(xié)議以留置財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)，也可以就拍賣、變賣留置財(cái)產(chǎn)所得的價(jià)款優(yōu)先受償。
The appraisal or sale of the retained property shall be based on the market price.
留置財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者變賣的，應(yīng)當(dāng)參照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。
Article 454 A debtor may request the lienholder to enforce the lien after expiration of the term of performance of the obligation; where the lienholder fails to do so, the debtor may request the people’s court to have the retained property sold at auction or in a sale.
第四百五十四條??債務(wù)人可以請(qǐng)求留置權(quán)人在債務(wù)履行期限屆滿后行使留置權(quán)；留置權(quán)人不行使的，債務(wù)人可以請(qǐng)求人民法院拍賣、變賣留置財(cái)產(chǎn)。
Article 455 After the property retained under a lien is appraised and accepted by the lienholder as full or partial satisfaction of his claim, or is sold at auction or in a sale, where the value of the retained property or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the retained property is in excess of the amount of the obligation owed, the excessive portion shall belong to the debtor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
第四百五十五條??留置財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者拍賣、變賣后，其價(jià)款超過債權(quán)數(shù)額的部分歸債務(wù)人所有，不足部分由債務(wù)人清償。
Article 456 Where a lien is created on a movable property on which a mortgage or pledge has already been created, the lienholder has priority to be paid.
第四百五十六條??同一動(dòng)產(chǎn)上已經(jīng)設(shè)立抵押權(quán)或者質(zhì)權(quán)，該動(dòng)產(chǎn)又被留置的，留置權(quán)人優(yōu)先受償。
Article 457 A lien is extinguished where the lienholder loses possession of the retained property or accepts another form of security provided by the debtor.
第四百五十七條??留置權(quán)人對(duì)留置財(cái)產(chǎn)喪失占有或者留置權(quán)人接受債務(wù)人另行提供擔(dān)保的，留置權(quán)消滅。
Part Five Possession
第五分編??占有
Chapter XX. Possession
第二十章??占有
Article 458 In the case of possession of immovable or movable property based on a contractual relationship, matters such as the use of the immovable or movable property, the benefits therefrom, and the default liability shall be subject to the agreement in the contract; where there is no agreement thereon in the contract or the agreement is unclear, the relevant provisions of laws shall be applied.
第四百五十八條??基于合同關(guān)系等產(chǎn)生的占有，有關(guān)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)的使用、收益、違約責(zé)任等，按照合同約定；合同沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照有關(guān)法律規(guī)定。
Article 459 Where damage is caused to the immovable or movable property by its possessor as a result of use of the property, a mala fide possessor shall be liable for compensation.
第四百五十九條??占有人因使用占有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)，致使該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)受到損害的，惡意占有人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 460 Where an immovable or movable property is in the possession of another person, a person holding a right in the property may request the possessor to return the original property and its fruits and proceeds, provided that the necessary expenses incurred by a bona fide possessor for the maintenance of the immovable or movable property shall be paid.
第四百六十條??不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)被占有人占有的，權(quán)利人可以請(qǐng)求返還原物及其孳息；但是，應(yīng)當(dāng)支付善意占有人因維護(hù)該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)支出的必要費(fèi)用。
Article 461 Where the immovable or movable property in another person’s possession is destructed, damaged, or lost, and a person holding a right in the property requests for compensation, the possessor shall return to the right holder the amount of insurance payment, compensation or indemnity he has received for the property destructed, damaged, or lost; where the right holder has not been fully compensated, a possessor mala fide shall also compensate for the loss.
第四百六十一條??占有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)毀損、滅失，該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)的權(quán)利人請(qǐng)求賠償?shù)模加腥藨?yīng)當(dāng)將因毀損、滅失取得的保險(xiǎn)金、賠償金或者補(bǔ)償金等返還給權(quán)利人；權(quán)利人的損害未得到足夠彌補(bǔ)的，惡意占有人還應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償損失。
Article 462 Where an immovable or movable property is trespassed or converted, its possessor is entitled to request restitution. Where there is a nuisance against the possession, the possessor has the right to request the removal of the nuisance or the elimination of the danger. Where damage is caused as a result of the trespass, conversion, or nuisance, the possessor has the right to request compensatory damages in accordance with law.
第四百六十二條??占有的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)被侵占的，占有人有權(quán)請(qǐng)求返還原物；對(duì)妨害占有的行為，占有人有權(quán)請(qǐng)求排除妨害或者消除危險(xiǎn)；因侵占或者妨害造成損害的，占有人有權(quán)依法請(qǐng)求損害賠償。
The possessor’s right to request for restitution is extinguished if such a right has not been exercised within one year from the date the trespass or conversion occurs.
占有人返還原物的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，自侵占發(fā)生之日起一年內(nèi)未行使的，該請(qǐng)求權(quán)消滅。