Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中華人民共和國民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過）
Book Seven Tort Liability
第七編?侵權(quán)責(zé)任
Chapter I General Rules
第一章??一般規(guī)定
Article 1164 This Book regulates the civil-law relations arising from the infringement of the civil-law rights and interests.
第一千一百六十四條??本編調(diào)整因侵害民事權(quán)益產(chǎn)生的民事關(guān)系。
Article 1165 An actor who through his fault infringes upon another person’s civil-law rights and interests shall bear tort liability.
第一千一百六十五條??行為人因過錯侵害他人民事權(quán)益造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where an actor is presumed to be at fault according to the provisions of law and is unable to prove that he is not at fault, the actor shall bear tort liability.
依照法律規(guī)定推定行為人有過錯，其不能證明自己沒有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1166 Where an actor harms the civil-law rights and interests of another person, if the law provides that tort liability shall be borne by such an actor disregarding whether or not the actor is at fault, such provisions shall be followed.
第一千一百六十六條??行為人造成他人民事權(quán)益損害，不論行為人有無過錯，法律規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 1167 Where a tortious act endangers another person’s personal or property safety, the infringed person has the right to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability such as cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, or elimination of the danger.
第一千一百六十七條??侵權(quán)行為危及他人人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求侵權(quán)人承擔(dān)停止侵害、排除妨礙、消除危險(xiǎn)等侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1168 Where two or more persons jointly commit a tortious act causing damage to another person, they shall bear joint and several liability.
第一千一百六十八條??二人以上共同實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為，造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1169 A person who aids or abets an actor in the commission of a tortious act shall assume joint and several liability with the actor.
第一千一百六十九條??教唆、幫助他人實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為的，應(yīng)當(dāng)與行為人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
A person who aids or abets an actor with no or limited capacity for performing performing civil juristic acts in the commission of a tortious act shall assume tort liability. The guardian of the actor with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts shall assume corresponding liability where he fails to fulfill the duties of a guardian.
教唆、幫助無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；該無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監(jiān)護(hù)人未盡到監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
Article 1170 Where two or more persons commit an act that endangers another person’s personal or property safety and the damage is caused only by one or several of them, if the specific tortfeasor(s) can be identified, the tortfeasor(s) shall bear liability, and if the specific tortfeasor(s) cannot be identified, all of the actors shall assume joint and several liability.
第一千一百七十條??二人以上實(shí)施危及他人人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的行為，其中一人或者數(shù)人的行為造成他人損害，能夠確定具體侵權(quán)人的，由侵權(quán)人承擔(dān)責(zé)任；不能確定具體侵權(quán)人的，行為人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1171 Where the tortious acts committed by two or more persons respectively cause the same damage to another person, and each act is sufficient to cause the entire damage independently, the actors shall assume joint and several liability.
第一千一百七十一條??二人以上分別實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為造成同一損害，每個(gè)人的侵權(quán)行為都足以造成全部損害的，行為人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1172 Where the tortious acts committed by two or more persons respectively cause the same damage to another person, each of them shall bear the liability in proportion to their respective share of fault if it can be determined, or in equal share if it cannot be determined.
第一千一百七十二條??二人以上分別實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為造成同一損害，能夠確定責(zé)任大小的，各自承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任；難以確定責(zé)任大小的，平均承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Article 1173 Where an infringed person is also at fault for the occurrence or aggravation of the same damage to himself, the liability of the tortfeasor may be mitigated.
第一千一百七十三條??被侵權(quán)人對同一損害的發(fā)生或者擴(kuò)大有過錯的，可以減輕侵權(quán)人的責(zé)任。
Article 1174 An actor shall not assume liability for any damage intentionally caused by the victim.
第一千一百七十四條??損害是因受害人故意造成的，行為人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Article 1175 Where a damage is caused by a third person, the third person shall bear tort liability.
第一千一百七十五條??損害是因第三人造成的，第三人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1176 Where a person voluntarily participates in a recreational or sports activity with certain inherent risks and thus suffers damage due to another participant’s act, he may not request the other participant to bear tort liability unless the damage is caused by the latter’s intentional act or by his gross negligence.
第一千一百七十六條??自愿參加具有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的文體活動，因其他參加者的行為受到損害的，受害人不得請求其他參加者承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，其他參加者對損害的發(fā)生有故意或者重大過失的除外。
The liability of an organizer of the activity shall be governed by the provisions of Articles 1198 through 1201 of this Code.
活動組織者的責(zé)任適用本法第一千一百九十八條至第一千二百零一條的規(guī)定。
Article 1177 Where a person’s lawful rights and interests are infringed upon and he may suffer irreparable harm if actions are not immediately taken because the situation is urgent and no protection from the State organ is immediately available, he may take reasonable measures such as seizing the property of the tortfeasor to the extent necessary for protecting his lawful rights and interests, provided that he shall immediately thereafter request the relevant State organ to handle it.
第一千一百七十七條??合法權(quán)益受到侵害，情況緊迫且不能及時(shí)獲得國家機(jī)關(guān)保護(hù)，不立即采取措施將使其合法權(quán)益受到難以彌補(bǔ)的損害的，受害人可以在保護(hù)自己合法權(quán)益的必要范圍內(nèi)采取扣留侵權(quán)人的財(cái)物等合理措施；但是，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即請求有關(guān)國家機(jī)關(guān)處理。
A victim who has taken an improper measure so that damage is caused to another person shall bear tort liability.
受害人采取的措施不當(dāng)造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1178 Where this Code or other laws provide otherwise on the circumstances under which an actor bears no or mitigated liability, such provisions shall be followed.
第一千一百七十八條??本法和其他法律對不承擔(dān)責(zé)任或者減輕責(zé)任的情形另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Chapter II Damages
第二章??損害賠償
Article 1179 Where a person suffers personal injury as a result of an infringement by another person, compensation shall be made for medical expenses, nursing expenses, transportation expenses, nutrition expenses, food allowances for hospitalization, and other reasonable expenses for treatment and rehabilitation, as well as lost earnings due to missed work. Where a person is disabled as a result of an infringement by another person, compensation shall also include the costs of auxiliary equipment and disability compensation. Where a person dies as a result of an infringement by another person, compensation shall also include his funeral expenses and death compensation.
第一千一百七十九條??侵害他人造成人身損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償醫(yī)療費(fèi)、護(hù)理費(fèi)、交通費(fèi)、營養(yǎng)費(fèi)、住院伙食補(bǔ)助費(fèi)等為治療和康復(fù)支出的合理費(fèi)用，以及因誤工減少的收入。造成殘疾的，還應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償輔助器具費(fèi)和殘疾賠償金；造成死亡的，還應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償喪葬費(fèi)和死亡賠償金。
Article 1180 Where the same tortious act causes multiple deaths, the same amount of death compensation may be applied to all of them.
第一千一百八十條??因同一侵權(quán)行為造成多人死亡的，可以以相同數(shù)額確定死亡賠償金。
Article 1181 Where an infringed person dies, his close relatives have the right to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability. Where the infringed is an organization and the organization is thereafter split into or merged with other organization(s), the organization succeeding to the right thereof is entitled to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability.
第一千一百八十一條??被侵權(quán)人死亡的，其近親屬有權(quán)請求侵權(quán)人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。被侵權(quán)人為組織，該組織分立、合并的，承繼權(quán)利的組織有權(quán)請求侵權(quán)人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where an infringed person dies, the person who has paid for his medical expenses, funeral expenses, and other reasonable expenses has the right to request the tortfeasor to compensate the expenses, except for those expenses already paid by the tortfeasor.
被侵權(quán)人死亡的，支付被侵權(quán)人醫(yī)療費(fèi)、喪葬費(fèi)等合理費(fèi)用的人有權(quán)請求侵權(quán)人賠償費(fèi)用，但是侵權(quán)人已經(jīng)支付該費(fèi)用的除外。
Article 1182 Where an infringement upon the personal rights and interests of a person causes property damage thereto, compensation shall be made according to the damage suffered by the infringed person or the interests gained by the tortfeasor. Where it is difficult to determine the damage suffered by the infringed person and the interests gained by the tortfeasor, and where the infringed person and the tortfeasor cannot agree on the amount of compensation and thus bring a lawsuit with the people’s court, the people’s court shall determine the amount of compensation according to the actual situation.
第一千一百八十二條??侵害他人人身權(quán)益造成財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的，按照被侵權(quán)人因此受到的損失或者侵權(quán)人因此獲得的利益賠償；被侵權(quán)人因此受到的損失以及侵權(quán)人因此獲得的利益難以確定，被侵權(quán)人和侵權(quán)人就賠償數(shù)額協(xié)商不一致，向人民法院提起訴訟的，由人民法院根據(jù)實(shí)際情況確定賠償數(shù)額。
Article 1183 Where an infringement upon the personal rights and interests of a natural person causes serious mental distress thereto, the infringed person has the right to request compensation for pains and suffering.
第一千一百八十三條??侵害自然人人身權(quán)益造成嚴(yán)重精神損害的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求精神損害賠償。
Where, owing to an actor’s intentional or grossly negligent act, an object of personal significance of a natural person is infringed upon, which causes serious mental distress to the person, the infringed person has the right to request compensation for pains and suffering.
因故意或者重大過失侵害自然人具有人身意義的特定物造成嚴(yán)重精神損害的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求精神損害賠償。
Article 1184 In case of an infringement upon another person’s property, property damage shall be calculated according to the market price at the time the damage occurs or by other reasonable methods.
第一千一百八十四條??侵害他人財(cái)產(chǎn)的，財(cái)產(chǎn)損失按照損失發(fā)生時(shí)的市場價(jià)格或者其他合理方式計(jì)算。
Article 1185 In case of an intentional infringement of another person’s intellectual property rights, where the circumstances are serious, the infringed person has the right to request for corresponding punitive damages.
第一千一百八十五條??故意侵害他人知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求相應(yīng)的懲罰性賠償。
Article 1186 Where neither the victim nor the actor is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, losses shall be shared by both parties in accordance with the provisions of law.
第一千一百八十六條??受害人和行為人對損害的發(fā)生都沒有過錯的，依照法律的規(guī)定由雙方分擔(dān)損失。
Article 1187 After damage has been caused, the parties may negotiate the method of payment of the compensation. Where they fail to reach an agreement, compensation shall be paid in a lump sum, or may be paid in installments where it is truly difficult for the tortfeasor to make a lump-sum payment, provided that the infringed person has the right to request the tortfeasor to provide a corresponding bond.
第一千一百八十七條??損害發(fā)生后，當(dāng)事人可以協(xié)商賠償費(fèi)用的支付方式。協(xié)商不一致的，賠償費(fèi)用應(yīng)當(dāng)一次性支付；一次性支付確有困難的，可以分期支付，但是被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求提供相應(yīng)的擔(dān)保。
Chapter III Special Provisions on Assumption of Liability
第三章??責(zé)任主體的特殊規(guī)定
Article 1188 Where a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts causes damage to another person, the guardian of the said person shall assume tort liability. The guardian’s tort liability may be mitigated if the guardian has fulfilled his duty of guardianship.
第一千一百八十八條??無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人造成他人損害的，由監(jiān)護(hù)人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。監(jiān)護(hù)人盡到監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)的，可以減輕其侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where a person, who has assets but has no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, causes damage to another person, compensation shall be paid out of his own assets and any deficiency shall be satisfied by the guardian.
有財(cái)產(chǎn)的無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人造成他人損害的，從本人財(cái)產(chǎn)中支付賠償費(fèi)用；不足部分，由監(jiān)護(hù)人賠償。
Article 1189 Where a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts causes damage to another person and his guardian has delegated the duty of guardianship to someone else, the guardian shall assume tort liability, and the delegated person who is at fault shall assume corresponding liability.
第一千一百八十九條??無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人造成他人損害，監(jiān)護(hù)人將監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)委托給他人的，監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；受托人有過錯的，承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
Article 1190 Where a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts is at fault for causing damage to another person due to temporary loss of consciousness or loss of control, he shall bear tort liability. Where he is not at fault, he shall make appropriate compensation to the victim according to his financial situation.
第一千一百九十條??完全民事行為能力人對自己的行為暫時(shí)沒有意識或者失去控制造成他人損害有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；沒有過錯的，根據(jù)行為人的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況對受害人適當(dāng)補(bǔ)償。
Where a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts causes damage to another person due to temporary loss of consciousness or loss of control as a result of intoxication or abuse of narcotic or psychotropic drugs, he shall bear tort liability.
完全民事行為能力人因醉酒、濫用麻醉藥品或者精神藥品對自己的行為暫時(shí)沒有意識或者失去控制造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1191 Where an employee causes damage to another person in connection with the performance of his work, his employer shall assume tort liability. The employer may, after assuming the tort liability, claim indemnification against the employee who acts intentionally or with gross negligence.
第一千一百九十一條??用人單位的工作人員因執(zhí)行工作任務(wù)造成他人損害的，由用人單位承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。用人單位承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任后，可以向有故意或者重大過失的工作人員追償。
Where, during the period of labor dispatch, a dispatched employee causes damage to another person in connection with the performance of his work, the employer receiving the dispatched employee shall assume tort liability. The employer dispatching the employee who is at fault shall assume corresponding liability.
勞務(wù)派遣期間，被派遣的工作人員因執(zhí)行工作任務(wù)造成他人損害的，由接受勞務(wù)派遣的用工單位承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；勞務(wù)派遣單位有過錯的，承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
Article 1192 Where, in a labor relationship formed between individuals, the party providing labor services causes damage to another person in connection with the labor services, the party receiving labor services shall assume tort liability. The service-receiving party may, after assuming the tort liability, claim indemnification against the service-providing party who acts intentionally or with gross negligence. Where the service-providing party suffers damage in connection with the labor services, both parties shall assume corresponding liabilities according to their respective faults.
第一千一百九十二條??個(gè)人之間形成勞務(wù)關(guān)系，提供勞務(wù)一方因勞務(wù)造成他人損害的，由接受勞務(wù)一方承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。接受勞務(wù)一方承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任后，可以向有故意或者重大過失的提供勞務(wù)一方追償。提供勞務(wù)一方因勞務(wù)受到損害的，根據(jù)雙方各自的過錯承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
Where an act of a third person causes damage to the service-providing party when such services are provided, the service-providing party has the right to request the third person to bear tort liability, or to request the service-receiving party to make compensation. The service-receiving party may, after making the compensation, claim indemnification against the third person.
提供勞務(wù)期間，因第三人的行為造成提供勞務(wù)一方損害的，提供勞務(wù)一方有權(quán)請求第三人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任，也有權(quán)請求接受勞務(wù)一方給予補(bǔ)償。接受勞務(wù)一方補(bǔ)償后，可以向第三人追償。
Article 1193 Where a contractor causes damage to a third person or to himself while completing the contracted work, the ordering party shall not assume tort liability, provided that the ordering party shall assume corresponding liability where he is at fault in placing the order, making the instructions, or selecting the contractor.
第一千一百九十三條??承攬人在完成工作過程中造成第三人損害或者自己損害的，定作人不承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。但是，定作人對定作、指示或者選任有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
Article 1194 Network users and network service providers who, through the network, infringes upon the civil-law rights and interests of another person shall bear tort liability, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一千一百九十四條??網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶、網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)侵害他人民事權(quán)益的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 1195 Where a network user commits a tortious act through using the network service, the right holder is entitled to notify the network service provider to take such necessary measures as deletion, block, or disconnection. The notice shall include the preliminary evidence establishing the tort and the real identity information of the right holder.
第一千一百九十五條??網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為的，權(quán)利人有權(quán)通知網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者采取刪除、屏蔽、斷開鏈接等必要措施。通知應(yīng)當(dāng)包括構(gòu)成侵權(quán)的初步證據(jù)及權(quán)利人的真實(shí)身份信息。
After receiving the notice, the network service provider shall timely forward the notice to the relevant network user and take necessary measures based on the preliminary evidence establishing the tort and the type of service complained about. Where it fails to take necessary measures in time, it shall assume joint and several liability for the aggravated part of the damage with the network user.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者接到通知后，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)將該通知轉(zhuǎn)送相關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶，并根據(jù)構(gòu)成侵權(quán)的初步證據(jù)和服務(wù)類型采取必要措施；未及時(shí)采取必要措施的，對損害的擴(kuò)大部分與該網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
The right holder who causes damage to the network user or network service provider due to erroneous notification shall bear tort liability, unless otherwise provided by law.
權(quán)利人因錯誤通知造成網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 1196 After receiving the forwarded notice, the network user may submit a declaration of non-infringement to the network service provider, which shall include the preliminary evidence of non-infringement and the real identity information of the network user.
第一千一百九十六條??網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶接到轉(zhuǎn)送的通知后，可以向網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者提交不存在侵權(quán)行為的聲明。聲明應(yīng)當(dāng)包括不存在侵權(quán)行為的初步證據(jù)及網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶的真實(shí)身份信息。
After receiving the declaration, the network service provider shall forward it to the right holder who issued the notice, and inform him that he may file a complaint to the relevant department or a lawsuit with the people’s court. The network service provider shall timely terminate the measures taken where, within a reasonable period of time after the forwarded declaration reaches the right holder, it fails to receive notice that the right holder has filed a complaint or a lawsuit.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者接到聲明后，應(yīng)當(dāng)將該聲明轉(zhuǎn)送發(fā)出通知的權(quán)利人，并告知其可以向有關(guān)部門投訴或者向人民法院提起訴訟。網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者在轉(zhuǎn)送聲明到達(dá)權(quán)利人后的合理期限內(nèi)，未收到權(quán)利人已經(jīng)投訴或者提起訴訟通知的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)終止所采取的措施。
Article 1197 A network service provider who knows or should have known that a network user has infringed upon the civil-law rights and interests of another person by using its network services but fails to take necessary measures, shall assume joint and several liability with the network user.
第一千一百九十七條??網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提供者知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶利用其網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)侵害他人民事權(quán)益，未采取必要措施的，與該網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1198 The operators or managers of business or public premises such as hotels, shopping malls, banks, bus or train stations, airports, stadiums, and places of entertainment, or the organizers of mass activities shall bear tort liability where they fail to fulfill the duty of maintaining safety and thus cause damage to another person.
第一千一百九十八條??賓館、商場、銀行、車站、機(jī)場、體育場館、娛樂場所等經(jīng)營場所、公共場所的經(jīng)營者、管理者或者群眾性活動的組織者，未盡到安全保障義務(wù)，造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where the damage to another person is caused by a third person, the third person shall bear tort liability, and the operator, manager, or organizer who fails to fulfill the duty of maintaining safety shall assume the corresponding supplementary liability. After assuming the supplementary liability, the operator, manager, or organizer may claim indemnification against the third person.
因第三人的行為造成他人損害的，由第三人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；經(jīng)營者、管理者或者組織者未盡到安全保障義務(wù)的，承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)充責(zé)任。經(jīng)營者、管理者或者組織者承擔(dān)補(bǔ)充責(zé)任后，可以向第三人追償。
Article 1199 Where a person with no capacity for performing civil juristic acts suffers personal injury while studying or living in a kindergarten, school, or any other educational institution, the said kindergarten, school, or educational institution shall assume tort liability; provided that the kindergarten, school, or educational institution shall not assume tort liability if it can prove that it has fulfilled its responsibilities in education and management.
第一千一百九十九條??無民事行為能力人在幼兒園、學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)、生活期間受到人身損害的，幼兒園、學(xué)校或者其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明盡到教育、管理職責(zé)的，不承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1200 Where a person with limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts suffers personal injury while studying or living in a school or any other educational institution, the school or educational institution shall assume tort liability if it fails to fulfill its responsibilities in education and management.
第一千二百條??限制民事行為能力人在學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)、生活期間受到人身損害，學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)未盡到教育、管理職責(zé)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1201 Where a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, while studying or living in a kindergarten, school, or any other educational institution, suffers personal injury caused by a third person other than the kindergarten, school, or the educational institution, the third person shall bear tort liability, and the kindergarten, school, or the educational institution shall assume the corresponding supplementary liability if it fails to fulfill its responsibilities in management. After assuming the supplementary liability, the kindergarten, school, or the educational institution may claim indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百零一條??無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人在幼兒園、學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)、生活期間，受到幼兒園、學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)以外的第三人人身損害的，由第三人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；幼兒園、學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)未盡到管理職責(zé)的，承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)充責(zé)任。幼兒園、學(xué)?；蛘咂渌逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)補(bǔ)充責(zé)任后，可以向第三人追償。
Chapter IV Product Liability
第四章??產(chǎn)品責(zé)任
Article 1202 Where a defect of a product causes damage to another person, the manufacturer shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百零二條??因產(chǎn)品存在缺陷造成他人損害的，生產(chǎn)者應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1203 Where a defect of a product causes damage to another person, the infringed person may claim compensation against the manufacturer or the seller of the product.
第一千二百零三條??因產(chǎn)品存在缺陷造成他人損害的，被侵權(quán)人可以向產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)者請求賠償，也可以向產(chǎn)品的銷售者請求賠償。
Where a defect is caused by the manufacturer, the seller who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the manufacturer. Where a defect is caused by the fault of the seller, the manufacturer who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the seller.
產(chǎn)品缺陷由生產(chǎn)者造成的，銷售者賠償后，有權(quán)向生產(chǎn)者追償。因銷售者的過錯使產(chǎn)品存在缺陷的，生產(chǎn)者賠償后，有權(quán)向銷售者追償。
Article 1204 Where the damage is caused by a defect of a product due to the fault of a third person, such as a transporter or a warehouser, the manufacturer or seller of the product shall, after paying compensation, have the right to indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百零四條??因運(yùn)輸者、倉儲者等第三人的過錯使產(chǎn)品存在缺陷，造成他人損害的，產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)者、銷售者賠償后，有權(quán)向第三人追償。
Article 1205 Where a defect of a product endangers the personal or property safety of another person, the infringed person has the right to request the manufacturer or seller to bear tort liability, such as in forms of cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, or elimination of the danger.
第一千二百零五條??因產(chǎn)品缺陷危及他人人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求生產(chǎn)者、銷售者承擔(dān)停止侵害、排除妨礙、消除危險(xiǎn)等侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1206 Where a defect of a product is discovered after the product is put into circulation, the manufacturer or seller shall take remedial measures such as stopping sales, providing warnings, or recalling the product in a timely manner. The manufacturer or seller, who fails to take remedial measures in a timely manner or take ineffective measures so that the damage is aggravated, shall be liable also for the aggravated part of the damage.
第一千二百零六條??產(chǎn)品投入流通后發(fā)現(xiàn)存在缺陷的，生產(chǎn)者、銷售者應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)采取停止銷售、警示、召回等補(bǔ)救措施；未及時(shí)采取補(bǔ)救措施或者補(bǔ)救措施不力造成損害擴(kuò)大的，對擴(kuò)大的損害也應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where a product is recalled in accordance with the preceding paragraph, the manufacturer or seller shall bear the necessary expenses incurred by the infringed person.
依據(jù)前款規(guī)定采取召回措施的，生產(chǎn)者、銷售者應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)擔(dān)被侵權(quán)人因此支出的必要費(fèi)用。
Article 1207 Where a manufacturer or seller manufactures or sells a product knowing that the product is defective, or failing to take remedial measures in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article, so that death or serious physical harm is caused to another person, the infringed person has the right to request for the corresponding punitive damages.
第一千二百零七條??明知產(chǎn)品存在缺陷仍然生產(chǎn)、銷售，或者沒有依據(jù)前條規(guī)定采取有效補(bǔ)救措施，造成他人死亡或者健康嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求相應(yīng)的懲罰性賠償。
Chapter V Liability for Motor Vehicle Accidents
第五章??機(jī)動車交通事故責(zé)任
Article 1208 Where a motor vehicle is involved in a traffic accident which causes damage, the liability for compensation shall be assumed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the laws on road traffic safety and this Code.
第一千二百零八條??機(jī)動車發(fā)生交通事故造成損害的，依照道路交通安全法律和本法的有關(guān)規(guī)定承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1209 Where the owner, manager, or user of a motor vehicle are not the same person in leasing, borrowing, or the other like situations, and a traffic accident occurs and causes damage to another person, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation where the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, and the owner or manager of the vehicle who is at fault shall assume the corresponding liability for compensation.
第一千二百零九條??因租賃、借用等情形機(jī)動車所有人、管理人與使用人不是同一人時(shí)，發(fā)生交通事故造成損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，由機(jī)動車使用人承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任；機(jī)動車所有人、管理人對損害的發(fā)生有過錯的，承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1210 Where a party has transferred and delivered a motor vehicle by way of sale or other means but fails to file for registration, the transferee of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation if damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver.
第一千二百一十條??當(dāng)事人之間已經(jīng)以買賣或者其他方式轉(zhuǎn)讓并交付機(jī)動車但是未辦理登記，發(fā)生交通事故造成損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，由受讓人承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1211 Where a person uses his motor vehicle in association with an entity to engage in the business of road transportation, if damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the person and the entity shall assume joint and several liability for compensation.
第一千二百一十一條??以掛靠形式從事道路運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營活動的機(jī)動車，發(fā)生交通事故造成損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，由掛靠人和被掛靠人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1212 Where a person drives another person's motor vehicle without authorization, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation if damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver; the owner or manager of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation if he has fault which contributes to the damage, unless otherwise provided in this Chapter.
第一千二百一十二條??未經(jīng)允許駕駛他人機(jī)動車，發(fā)生交通事故造成損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，由機(jī)動車使用人承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任；機(jī)動車所有人、管理人對損害的發(fā)生有過錯的，承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的賠償責(zé)任，但是本章另有規(guī)定的除外。
Article 1213 Where damage is caused to another person as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the insurer that underwrites the compulsory motor vehicle insurance shall make compensation within the limit of the insured liability. The deficiencies shall be paid by the insurer that underwrites the commercial motor vehicle insurance in accordance with the stipulations of the insurance contract. Any remaining balance or the part not covered by any commercial motor vehicle insurance shall be paid by the tortfeasor.
第一千二百一十三條??機(jī)動車發(fā)生交通事故造成損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，先由承保機(jī)動車強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人在強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任限額范圍內(nèi)予以賠償；不足部分，由承保機(jī)動車商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人按照保險(xiǎn)合同的約定予以賠償；仍然不足或者沒有投保機(jī)動車商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的，由侵權(quán)人賠償。
Article 1214 Where damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident involving a motor vehicle that has been illegally assembled or has reached the end-of-life standard which is transferred by way of sale or by other means, the transferor and the transferee shall assume joint and several liability.
第一千二百一十四條??以買賣或者其他方式轉(zhuǎn)讓拼裝或者已經(jīng)達(dá)到報(bào)廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)動車，發(fā)生交通事故造成損害的，由轉(zhuǎn)讓人和受讓人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1215 Where damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident involving a motor vehicle that has been stolen, robbed, or snatched, the thief, robber, or snatcher shall bear the liability for compensation. Where the aforementioned motor vehicle is used by a person other than the thief, robber, or snatcher and causes damage in a traffic accident, if the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the thief, robber, or snatcher shall assume joint and several liability with the user.
第一千二百一十五條??盜竊、搶劫或者搶奪的機(jī)動車發(fā)生交通事故造成損害的，由盜竊人、搶劫人或者搶奪人承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。盜竊人、搶劫人或者搶奪人與機(jī)動車使用人不是同一人，發(fā)生交通事故造成損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，由盜竊人、搶劫人或者搶奪人與機(jī)動車使用人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Where an insurer pays the expenses for rescue within the limits of the compulsory insurance liability for motor vehicles, it has the right to indemnification against the person who is liable for the traffic accident.
保險(xiǎn)人在機(jī)動車強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任限額范圍內(nèi)墊付搶救費(fèi)用的，有權(quán)向交通事故責(zé)任人追償。
Article 1216 Where a driver of a motor vehicle hits and runs after a traffic accident, if the motor vehicle is insured by a compulsory insurance, compensation shall be paid by the insurer within the limit of the insured liability. Where the motor vehicle cannot be located, is not covered by the compulsory insurance, or the rescue expenses exceed the limit of liability of the compulsory motor vehicle insurance, and payment needs to be made against the rescue, funeral, and other expenses incurred as a result of the death or bodily injury of the infringed person, such payment shall be paid from the Social Assistance Fund for Road Traffic Accidents. After the Social Assistance Fund for Road Traffic Accidents makes the payment, its administrative agency has the right to indemnification against the person who is liable for the traffic accident.
第一千二百一十六條??機(jī)動車駕駛?cè)税l(fā)生交通事故后逃逸，該機(jī)動車參加強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)的，由保險(xiǎn)人在機(jī)動車強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任限額范圍內(nèi)予以賠償；機(jī)動車不明、該機(jī)動車未參加強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)或者搶救費(fèi)用超過機(jī)動車強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任限額，需要支付被侵權(quán)人人身傷亡的搶救、喪葬等費(fèi)用的，由道路交通事故社會救助基金墊付。道路交通事故社會救助基金墊付后，其管理機(jī)構(gòu)有權(quán)向交通事故責(zé)任人追償。
Article 1217 Where a motor vehicle not engaged in operation of business causes damage in a traffic accident to a guest passenger who is on the ride for free, if the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the liability of the user of the motor vehicle for compensation shall be mitigated unless he acts intentionally or with gross negligence.
第一千二百一十七條??非營運(yùn)機(jī)動車發(fā)生交通事故造成無償搭乘人損害，屬于該機(jī)動車一方責(zé)任的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕其賠償責(zé)任，但是機(jī)動車使用人有故意或者重大過失的除外。
Chapter VI Liability for Medical Malpractice
第六章??醫(yī)療損害責(zé)任
Article 1218 Where a patient suffers damage during diagnosis and treatment, and the medical institution or its medical staff is at fault, the medical institution shall assume the liability for compensation.
第一千二百一十八條??患者在診療活動中受到損害，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)或者其醫(yī)務(wù)人員有過錯的，由醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1219 The medical staff shall explain the medical conditions and treatment measures to the patient in diagnosis and treatment thereof. Where a surgery, a special examination, or a special treatment is needed, the medical staff shall explain to the patient the medical risks, alternative treatment plans, and other information in a timely manner and obtain his express consent. Where it is impossible or inappropriate to do so, the medical staff shall explain it to the patient's close relatives and get their express consent.
第一千二百一十九條??醫(yī)務(wù)人員在診療活動中應(yīng)當(dāng)向患者說明病情和醫(yī)療措施。需要實(shí)施手術(shù)、特殊檢查、特殊治療的，醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)向患者具體說明醫(yī)療風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、替代醫(yī)療方案等情況，并取得其明確同意；不能或者不宜向患者說明的，應(yīng)當(dāng)向患者的近親屬說明，并取得其明確同意。
Where the medical staff fail to fulfill the obligations as provided in the preceding paragraph and thus cause damage to the patient, the medical institution shall assume the liability for compensation.
醫(yī)務(wù)人員未盡到前款義務(wù)，造成患者損害的，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1220 Where consent of a patient or his close relatives cannot be obtained in the case of rescuing a terminally ill patient or in another emergency situation, upon the approval of the person in charge of the medical institution or an authorized person in charge, the corresponding medical measures may be taken immediately.
第一千二百二十條??因搶救生命垂危的患者等緊急情況，不能取得患者或者其近親屬意見的，經(jīng)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人或者授權(quán)的負(fù)責(zé)人批準(zhǔn)，可以立即實(shí)施相應(yīng)的醫(yī)療措施。
Article 1221 Where the medical staff fail to fulfill the duty of diagnosing and treating the patient up to the then current appropriate medical level, and thus causes damage to the patient, the medical institution shall assume the liability for compensation.
第一千二百二十一條??醫(yī)務(wù)人員在診療活動中未盡到與當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)療水平相應(yīng)的診療義務(wù)，造成患者損害的，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1222 A medical institution shall be presumed to be at fault where damage is inflicted on a patient during diagnosis and treatment under any of the following circumstances:
第一千二百二十二條??患者在診療活動中受到損害，有下列情形之一的，推定醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)有過錯：
(1) there is a violation of the provisions of laws, administrative regulations, rules, or other relevant guidelines for diagnosis and treatment;
（一）違反法律、行政法規(guī)、規(guī)章以及其他有關(guān)診療規(guī)范的規(guī)定；
(2) the medical records are concealed or the request for provision thereof is refused; or
（二）隱匿或者拒絕提供與糾紛有關(guān)的病歷資料；
(3) the medical records are lost, forged, tempered with, or illegally destroyed. .
（三）遺失、偽造、篡改或者違法銷毀病歷資料。
Article 1223 Where damage is caused to a patient due to a defect in a drug, disinfection product, or medical instrument, or due to the transfusion of substandard blood, the patient may claim compensation against the drug marketing license holder, or the manufacturer of the drug, or the blood supply institution, or against the medical institution. Where the patient claims compensation against a medical institution, the medical institution shall, after paying compensation, have the right to indemnification against the responsible drug marketing license holder, or manufacturer of the drug, or the blood supplier.
第一千二百二十三條??因藥品、消毒產(chǎn)品、醫(yī)療器械的缺陷，或者輸入不合格的血液造成患者損害的，患者可以向藥品上市許可持有人、生產(chǎn)者、血液提供機(jī)構(gòu)請求賠償，也可以向醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)請求賠償?；颊呦蜥t(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)請求賠償?shù)?，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)賠償后，有權(quán)向負(fù)有責(zé)任的藥品上市許可持有人、生產(chǎn)者、血液提供機(jī)構(gòu)追償。
Article 1224 Under any of the following circumstances, a medical institution shall not assume liability for compensation for any damage caused to a patient during diagnosis and treatment:
第一千二百二十四條??患者在診療活動中受到損害，有下列情形之一的，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)不承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任：
(1) the patient or his close relative does not cooperate with the medical institution to go through diagnosis and treatment which is in compliance with the guidelines therefor;
（一）患者或者其近親屬不配合醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行符合診療規(guī)范的診療；
(2) the medical staff have fulfilled their duty of providing reasonable diagnosis and treatment in an emergent situation, such as rescuing a terminal patient; or
（二）醫(yī)務(wù)人員在搶救生命垂危的患者等緊急情況下已經(jīng)盡到合理診療義務(wù)；
(3) it is difficult to diagnose and treat a patient due to the restriction of the then current medical level.
（三）限于當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)療水平難以診療。
Under the circumstance specified in Subparagraph (1) of the preceding paragraph, the medical institution or its medical staff shall assume corresponding liability for compensation where they are also at fault.
前款第一項(xiàng)情形中，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)或者其醫(yī)務(wù)人員也有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的賠償責(zé)任。
Article 1225 Medical institutions and their medical staff shall properly enter and maintain medical records such as hospitalization logs, medical orders, test reports, surgical and anesthesia records, pathological data, and nursing records in accordance with the regulations.
第一千二百二十五條??醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)按照規(guī)定填寫并妥善保管住院志、醫(yī)囑單、檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告、手術(shù)及麻醉記錄、病理資料、護(hù)理記錄等病歷資料。
Where a patient requests to examine or make copies of their medical records as provided in the preceding paragraph, the medical institution shall provide the records in a timely manner.
患者要求查閱、復(fù)制前款規(guī)定的病歷資料的，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)提供。
Article 1226 Medical institutions and their medical staff shall keep their patients’ private information and personal information confidential. Anyone who divulges the private information or personal information of a patient or discloses his medical records without the patient’s consent shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百二十六條??醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)對患者的隱私和個(gè)人信息保密。泄露患者的隱私和個(gè)人信息，或者未經(jīng)患者同意公開其病歷資料的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1227 Medical institutions and their medical staff shall not conduct unnecessary examinations for their patients in violation of the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
第一千二百二十七條??醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員不得違反診療規(guī)范實(shí)施不必要的檢查。
Article 1228 The lawful rights and interests of a medical institution and its medical staff are protected by law.
第一千二百二十八條??醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員的合法權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)。
Anyone, who interferes with the order of a medical institution, obstructs the work or life of the medical staff, or infringes upon their lawful rights and interests, shall bear liability in accordance with law.
干擾醫(yī)療秩序，妨礙醫(yī)務(wù)人員工作、生活，侵害醫(yī)務(wù)人員合法權(quán)益的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。
Chapter VII Liability for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Damage
第七章??環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞責(zé)任
Article 1229 A tortfeasor who has polluted the environment or harmed the ecological system and thus causes damage to others shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百二十九條??因污染環(huán)境、破壞生態(tài)造成他人損害的，侵權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1230 Where any dispute arises from environmental pollution or ecological damage, the actor shall bear the burden to prove that he should not be liable or that his liability could be mitigated as provided by law, and that there is no causation between his act and the damage.
第一千二百三十條??因污染環(huán)境、破壞生態(tài)發(fā)生糾紛，行為人應(yīng)當(dāng)就法律規(guī)定的不承擔(dān)責(zé)任或者減輕責(zé)任的情形及其行為與損害之間不存在因果關(guān)系承擔(dān)舉證責(zé)任。
Article 1231 Where environmental pollution or ecological damage is caused by two or more tortfeasors, the extent of liability of each tortfeasor shall be determined according to the factors such as the type, concentration, and quantity of discharge of the pollutants, the way, scope, and degree of damage to the ecological system, and the impact of the act on the consequences of damage.
第一千二百三十一條??兩個(gè)以上侵權(quán)人污染環(huán)境、破壞生態(tài)的，承擔(dān)責(zé)任的大小，根據(jù)污染物的種類、濃度、排放量，破壞生態(tài)的方式、范圍、程度，以及行為對損害后果所起的作用等因素確定。
Article 1232 Where a tortfeasor intentionally pollutes the environment or harms the ecological system in violation of the provisions of law, resulting in serious consequences, the infringed person has the right to request for the corresponding punitive damages.
第一千二百三十二條??侵權(quán)人違反法律規(guī)定故意污染環(huán)境、破壞生態(tài)造成嚴(yán)重后果的，被侵權(quán)人有權(quán)請求相應(yīng)的懲罰性賠償。
Article 1233 Where environmental pollution or ecological damage is caused owing to the fault of a third person, the infringed person may claim compensation against either the tortfeasor or the third person. After making compensation, the tortfeasor has the right to indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百三十三條??因第三人的過錯污染環(huán)境、破壞生態(tài)的，被侵權(quán)人可以向侵權(quán)人請求賠償，也可以向第三人請求賠償。侵權(quán)人賠償后，有權(quán)向第三人追償。
Article 1234 Where a tortfeasor causes damage to the ecological environment in violation of the State regulations and restoration is possible, the State authorized agencies or the organizations authorized by law have the right to request the tortfeasor to bear the responsibility for restoration within a reasonable period of time. Where the tortfeasor fails to restore it within the time limit, the State authorized agencies or the organizations authorized by law may initiate the restoration on its own or entrust it with others, provided that any expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the tortfeasor.
第一千二百三十四條??違反國家規(guī)定造成生態(tài)環(huán)境損害，生態(tài)環(huán)境能夠修復(fù)的，國家規(guī)定的機(jī)關(guān)或者法律規(guī)定的組織有權(quán)請求侵權(quán)人在合理期限內(nèi)承擔(dān)修復(fù)責(zé)任。侵權(quán)人在期限內(nèi)未修復(fù)的，國家規(guī)定的機(jī)關(guān)或者法律規(guī)定的組織可以自行或者委托他人進(jìn)行修復(fù)，所需費(fèi)用由侵權(quán)人負(fù)擔(dān)。
Article 1235 Where ecological damage is caused in violation of the State regulations, the State authorized agencies or the organizations authorized by law have the right to request the tortfeasor to compensate the following losses and expenses:
第一千二百三十五條??違反國家規(guī)定造成生態(tài)環(huán)境損害的，國家規(guī)定的機(jī)關(guān)或者法律規(guī)定的組織有權(quán)請求侵權(quán)人賠償下列損失和費(fèi)用：
(1) losses caused by loss of service function from the time the ecological environment is damaged to the time the restoration is completed;
（一）生態(tài)環(huán)境受到損害至修復(fù)完成期間服務(wù)功能喪失導(dǎo)致的損失；
(2) losses caused by permanent damage to the function of the ecological environment ;
（二）生態(tài)環(huán)境功能永久性損害造成的損失；
(3) expenses for investigation, appraisal, and assessment of the damage to the ecological environment;
（三）生態(tài)環(huán)境損害調(diào)查、鑒定評估等費(fèi)用；
(4) expenses for cleaning-up the pollution and restoring the ecological environment; and
（四）清除污染、修復(fù)生態(tài)環(huán)境費(fèi)用；
(5) other reasonable expenses incurred to prevent the occurrence or aggravation of the damage.
（五）防止損害的發(fā)生和擴(kuò)大所支出的合理費(fèi)用。
Chapter VIII Liability for Ultra-hazardous Activities
第八章??高度危險(xiǎn)責(zé)任
Article 1236 A person who engages in ultra-hazardous operations and thus causes damage to another person shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百三十六條??從事高度危險(xiǎn)作業(yè)造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1237 Where a nuclear accident occurs at a civil nuclear facility or when nuclear materials are transported into or out of a civil nuclear facility and damage is thus caused to another person, the operator of the facility shall bear tort liability. However, the operator shall not assume such liability if it can be proven that the damage is caused by a war, an armed conflict, a riot, or under other like circumstances, or the damage is intentionally caused by the victim.
第一千二百三十七條??民用核設(shè)施或者運(yùn)入運(yùn)出核設(shè)施的核材料發(fā)生核事故造成他人損害的，民用核設(shè)施的營運(yùn)單位應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明損害是因戰(zhàn)爭、武裝沖突、暴亂等情形或者受害人故意造成的，不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Article 1238 Where a civil aircraft causes damage to another person, the operator of the aircraft shall bear tort liability, provided that the operator shall not assume any liability if it can be proven that the damage is intentionally caused by the victim.
第一千二百三十八條??民用航空器造成他人損害的，民用航空器的經(jīng)營者應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明損害是因受害人故意造成的，不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Article 1239 Where the possession or use of flammable, explosive, highly toxic, highly radioactive, strongly corrosive, highly pathogenic, or other ultrahazardous things causes damage to another person, the possessor or user thereof shall bear tort liability, provided that such a possessor or user shall not assume any liability if it can be proven that the damage was intentionally caused by the victim or caused by force majeure. Where the infringed person is grossly negligent for the occurrence of the damage, the liability of the possessor or user may be mitigated.
第一千二百三十九條??占有或者使用易燃、易爆、劇毒、高放射性、強(qiáng)腐蝕性、高致病性等高度危險(xiǎn)物造成他人損害的，占有人或者使用人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明損害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。被侵權(quán)人對損害的發(fā)生有重大過失的，可以減輕占有人或者使用人的責(zé)任。
Article 1240 Where damage is caused to another person by a person engaging in work at a height, high voltage, or underground excavation activities, or by using high-speed rail transport vehicles, the operator shall bear tort liability, provided that the operator shall not assume any liability if it can be proven that the damage was intentionally caused by the victim or caused by force majeure. Where the infringed person is grossly negligent for the occurrence of the damage, the liability of the operator may be mitigated.
第一千二百四十條??從事高空、高壓、地下挖掘活動或者使用高速軌道運(yùn)輸工具造成他人損害的，經(jīng)營者應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明損害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。被侵權(quán)人對損害的發(fā)生有重大過失的，可以減輕經(jīng)營者的責(zé)任。
Article 1241 Where damage is caused to another person by an ultra-hazardous thing that is lost or abandoned, the owner shall bear tort liability. Where the owner has delivered the ultra-hazardous thing to another person for management, the manager shall bear tort liability, provided that the owner shall assume joint and several liability with the manager where he is at fault.
第一千二百四十一條??遺失、拋棄高度危險(xiǎn)物造成他人損害的，由所有人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。所有人將高度危險(xiǎn)物交由他人管理的，由管理人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；所有人有過錯的，與管理人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1242 Where damage is caused to another person by an ultra-hazardous thing that is illegally possessed, the illegal possessor shall bear tort liability. The owner or manager of the thing shall assume joint and several liability with the illegal possessor if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled a high duty of care to prevent the illegal possession.
第一千二百四十二條??非法占有高度危險(xiǎn)物造成他人損害的，由非法占有人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。所有人、管理人不能證明對防止非法占有盡到高度注意義務(wù)的，與非法占有人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
Article 1243 Where a person, without authorization, enters into an area where ultra-hazardous activities are conducted or ultra-hazardous things are stored therein and is thus injured, the liability of the manager of the area may be mitigated or eliminated if it can be proven that he has taken sufficient security measures and fulfilled the duty of sufficient warning.
第一千二百四十三條??未經(jīng)許可進(jìn)入高度危險(xiǎn)活動區(qū)域或者高度危險(xiǎn)物存放區(qū)域受到損害，管理人能夠證明已經(jīng)采取足夠安全措施并盡到充分警示義務(wù)的，可以減輕或者不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Article 1244 Where there is a provision of law providing for a limit of compensation for liability incurred as a result of an ultra-hazardous activity, such provision shall be followed unless the damage is caused by the actor intentionally or with gross negligence.
第一千二百四十四條??承擔(dān)高度危險(xiǎn)責(zé)任，法律規(guī)定賠償限額的，依照其規(guī)定，但是行為人有故意或者重大過失的除外。
Chapter IX Liability for Damage Caused by Domesticated Animals
第九章??飼養(yǎng)動物損害責(zé)任
Article 1245 Where a domesticated animal causes damage to another person, the keeper or custodian of the animal shall bear tort liability, provided that his liability may be mitigated or eliminated if it can be proven that the damage is caused by the infringed person intentionally or by gross negligence.
第一千二百四十五條??飼養(yǎng)的動物造成他人損害的，動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明損害是因被侵權(quán)人故意或者重大過失造成的，可以不承擔(dān)或者減輕責(zé)任。
Article 1246 A keeper or custodian of an animal who, in violation of the rules of management, fails to take safety measures on the animal and thus causes damage to another person shall bear tort liability, provided that his liability may be mitigated if it can be proven that the damage is intentionally caused by the infringed person.
第一千二百四十六條??違反管理規(guī)定，未對動物采取安全措施造成他人損害的，動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明損害是因被侵權(quán)人故意造成的，可以減輕責(zé)任。
Article 1247 Where damage is caused to another person by a dangerous animal that is prohibited from being kept, such as a fierce dog, the keeper or custodian of the animal shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百四十七條??禁止飼養(yǎng)的烈性犬等危險(xiǎn)動物造成他人損害的，動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1248 Where an animal of a zoo causes damage to another person, the zoo shall bear tort liability unless it can be proven that it has fulfilled its duties of management.
第一千二百四十八條??動物園的動物造成他人損害的，動物園應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；但是，能夠證明盡到管理職責(zé)的，不承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1249 Where an abandoned or escaped animal causes damage to another person during the period of abandonment or escape, the original keeper or custodian of the animal shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百四十九條??遺棄、逃逸的動物在遺棄、逃逸期間造成他人損害的，由動物原飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1250 Where an animal causes damage to another person due to a third person’s fault, the infringed person may claim compensation against the keeper or custodian of the animal, or against the third person. The keeper or custodian of the animal who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百五十條??因第三人的過錯致使動物造成他人損害的，被侵權(quán)人可以向動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人請求賠償，也可以向第三人請求賠償。動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人賠償后，有權(quán)向第三人追償。
Article 1251 Anyone who keeps an animal shall abide by laws and regulations, respect social morality, and shall not disturb the life of others.
第一千二百五十一條??飼養(yǎng)動物應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律法規(guī)，尊重社會公德，不得妨礙他人生活。
Chapter X Liability for Damage Caused by Buildings and Objects
第十章??建筑物和物件損害責(zé)任
Article 1252 Where a building, structure, or another type of a facility collapses or subsides and causes damage to another person, the project owner and the constructor shall assume joint and several liability, unless they can prove that there is no quality defect. Where the damage is due to the fault of another responsible person, the project owner or constructor who has made compensation has the right to indemnification against the responsible person.
第一千二百五十二條??建筑物、構(gòu)筑物或者其他設(shè)施倒塌、塌陷造成他人損害的，由建設(shè)單位與施工單位承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任，但是建設(shè)單位與施工單位能夠證明不存在質(zhì)量缺陷的除外。建設(shè)單位、施工單位賠償后，有其他責(zé)任人的，有權(quán)向其他責(zé)任人追償。
Where a building, structure, or another type of facility collapses or subsides, and damage is thus caused to another person due to the fault of the owner, manager, user, or a third person, the owner, manager, user, or the third person shall bear tort liability.
因所有人、管理人、使用人或者第三人的原因，建筑物、構(gòu)筑物或者其他設(shè)施倒塌、塌陷造成他人損害的，由所有人、管理人、使用人或者第三人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1253 Where a building, structure, or another type of facility, or any object laid or hanged thereon, comes loose or falls down and thus causes damage to another person, the owner, manager, or user shall bear tort liability if it cannot be proven that he is not at fault. Where the damage is due to the fault of another responsible person, the owner, manager, or user who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the responsible person.
第一千二百五十三條??建筑物、構(gòu)筑物或者其他設(shè)施及其擱置物、懸掛物發(fā)生脫落、墜落造成他人損害，所有人、管理人或者使用人不能證明自己沒有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。所有人、管理人或者使用人賠償后，有其他責(zé)任人的，有權(quán)向其他責(zé)任人追償。
Article 1254 Throwing objects from within a building is prohibited. Where an object thrown from within a building or falling off a building causes damage to another person, the tortfeasor shall bear tort liability in accordance with law. Where it is difficult to identify the specific tortfeasor upon investigation, any user of the building who may have caused the damage shall make compensation, unless he can prove that he is not the tortfeasor. A user of the building who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the tortfeasor.
第一千二百五十四條??禁止從建筑物中拋擲物品。從建筑物中拋擲物品或者從建筑物上墜落的物品造成他人損害的，由侵權(quán)人依法承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任；經(jīng)調(diào)查難以確定具體侵權(quán)人的，除能夠證明自己不是侵權(quán)人的外，由可能加害的建筑物使用人給予補(bǔ)償。可能加害的建筑物使用人補(bǔ)償后，有權(quán)向侵權(quán)人追償。
The manager of a building such as the property management service enterprise shall take necessary security measures to prevent the occurrence of the incident specified in the preceding paragraph. Where no necessary security measures are taken, it shall bear tort liability for failure to perform the obligation of providing security measures in accordance with law.
物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)等建筑物管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)采取必要的安全保障措施防止前款規(guī)定情形的發(fā)生；未采取必要的安全保障措施的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)未履行安全保障義務(wù)的侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where an incident as specified in the first paragraph of this Article occurs, the relevant authorities, such as the public security department, shall timely conduct investigation in accordance with law and identify the responsible person(s).
發(fā)生本條第一款規(guī)定的情形的，公安等機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)依法及時(shí)調(diào)查，查清責(zé)任人。
Article 1255 Where a stack of objects collapses, rolls down, or slips down, and causes damage to another person, the person who piles up the stack shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he is not at fault.
第一千二百五十五條??堆放物倒塌、滾落或者滑落造成他人損害，堆放人不能證明自己沒有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1256 Where damage is caused to another person due to an object stacked, dumped, or left on public road so that the road is obstructed, the actor shall bear tort liability. The public road manager shall assume the corresponding liability if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled his duties such as the duty of clean-up, protection, and warning.
第一千二百五十六條??在公共道路上堆放、傾倒、遺撒妨礙通行的物品造成他人損害的，由行為人承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。公共道路管理人不能證明已經(jīng)盡到清理、防護(hù)、警示等義務(wù)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
Article 1257 Where a breaking or falling tree or a falling fruit causes damage to another person, the owner or manager of the tree shall bear tort liability where he cannot prove that he is not at fault.
第一千二百五十七條??因林木折斷、傾倒或者果實(shí)墜落等造成他人損害，林木的所有人或者管理人不能證明自己沒有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Article 1258 Where excavation of the ground or repair or installation of underground facilities is conducted in a public place or on a public road, which causes damage to another person, the constructor shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he has posted an obvious warning sign and taken safety measures.
第一千二百五十八條??在公共場所或者道路上挖掘、修繕安裝地下設(shè)施等造成他人損害，施工人不能證明已經(jīng)設(shè)置明顯標(biāo)志和采取安全措施的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Where an underground facility, such as a utility access pit, causes damage to another person, the manager shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled his management responsibilities.
窨井等地下設(shè)施造成他人損害，管理人不能證明盡到管理職責(zé)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任。
Supplementary Provisions
附????則
Article 1259 In the civil law, the terms “not less than”, “not more than”, “within” and “expiration
第一千二百五十九條??民法所稱的“以上”、“以下”、“以內(nèi)”、“屆滿”，包括本數(shù)；所稱的“不滿”、“超過”、“以外”，不包括本數(shù)。
Article 1260 This Code shall come into force on January 1, 2021. The Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Succession Law of the People’s Republic of China, the General Principles of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Adoption Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Real Right Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Tort Liability Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the General Provisions of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China shall be repealed at the same time.
第一千二百六十條??本法自2021年1月1日起施行?！吨腥A人民共和國婚姻法》、《中華人民共和國繼承法》、《中華人民共和國民法通則》、《中華人民共和國收養(yǎng)法》、《中華人民共和國擔(dān)保法》、《中華人民共和國合同法》、《中華人民共和國物權(quán)法》、《中華人民共和國侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》、《中華人民共和國民法總則》同時(shí)廢止。